{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018232024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156852709x405017","title":"The Origins of Christian Hell","display_name":"The Origins of Christian Hell","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018232024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156852709x405017","mag":"2018232024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1163/156852709x405017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156852709x405017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156852709x405017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16595306","display_name":"Numen","issn_l":"0029-5973","issn":["0029-5973","1568-5276"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320561","host_organization_name":"Brill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320561","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Brill","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Numen","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020365050","display_name":"Dimitris J. Kyrtatas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris Kyrtatas","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Othonos 4, Halandri 152 31, Greece;, Email: kyrtatas@otenet.gr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Othonos 4, Halandri 152 31, Greece;, Email: kyrtatas@otenet.gr","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020365050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26102073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"2-3","first_page":"282","last_page":"297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10362","display_name":"Biblical Studies and Interpretation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10362","display_name":"Biblical Studies and Interpretation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13198","display_name":"Historical, Religious, and Philosophical Studies","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10165","display_name":"Classical Antiquity Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-christianity","display_name":"early Christianity","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-testament","display_name":"New Testament","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apocalypse-of-peter","display_name":"Apocalypse of Peter","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apocryphal-gospels","display_name":"apocryphal gospels","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canonization","display_name":"canonization","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textual-history","display_name":"textual history","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salvation","display_name":"salvation","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jesus-christ","display_name":"Jesus Christ","score":0.3019999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150608813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18813","display_name":"New Testament","level":2,"score":0.8865635991096497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534701709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19786","display_name":"Old Testament","level":2,"score":0.6981348991394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6550917029380798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C538439097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623282","display_name":"Afterlife","level":2,"score":0.6548477411270142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.5812360048294067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.5692272186279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103785112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53831","display_name":"Canon","level":2,"score":0.5597639083862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111936747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235329","display_name":"Early Christianity","level":2,"score":0.5114418268203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5089981555938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.47098255157470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.4594934582710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777684593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51666","display_name":"Historical Jesus","level":2,"score":0.4553816616535187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194105502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794605","display_name":"Biblical studies","level":2,"score":0.4368308484554291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542772349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1203109","display_name":"Biblical theology","level":3,"score":0.4355934262275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.39957529306411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.36215877532958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.30144137144088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.16902795433998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.15464547276496887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09928122162818909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.07442957162857056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1163/156852709x405017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156852709x405017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156852709x405017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16595306","display_name":"Numen","issn_l":"0029-5973","issn":["0029-5973","1568-5276"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320561","host_organization_name":"Brill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320561","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Brill","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Numen","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516153716","https://openalex.org/W2003477127","https://openalex.org/W2043062734","https://openalex.org/W2078088290","https://openalex.org/W2088613661","https://openalex.org/W2148712778","https://openalex.org/W2476316415","https://openalex.org/W2484376466","https://openalex.org/W2499546776","https://openalex.org/W2521304680","https://openalex.org/W2796934179","https://openalex.org/W2799812021","https://openalex.org/W3043092624"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403637105","https://openalex.org/W4416107093","https://openalex.org/W4416107066","https://openalex.org/W2031454415","https://openalex.org/W795376708","https://openalex.org/W7160265867","https://openalex.org/W2128196252","https://openalex.org/W2345772089","https://openalex.org/W2965976954","https://openalex.org/W4299565649"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"paper":[1],"re-examines":[2],"the":[3,6,15,20,24,33,60,84,95,113,116,132,143],"evidence":[4],"concerning":[5],"early":[7,50],"Christian":[8,51],"conceptions":[9],"of":[10,12,36,115],"punishment":[11],"sinners":[13],"in":[14,59,83],"afterlife.":[16],"It":[17,64],"commences":[18],"with":[19,146],"New":[21,61,85,144],"Testament":[22,62],"and":[23,29,53],"ideas":[25,75],"attributed":[26],"to":[27,32,111,136],"Jesus":[28],"moves":[30],"on":[31],"apocryphal":[34,133],"Apocalypse":[35],"Peter":[37],",":[38,98],"composed":[39],"about":[40,76],"a":[41,107],"generation":[42],"later,":[43],"which":[44],"enjoyed":[45],"great":[46],"popularity":[47],"among":[48],"several":[49],"circles":[52],"was":[54,104,122],"seriously":[55],"considered":[56],"for":[57],"inclusion":[58],"canon.":[63],"is":[65,92],"claimed":[66],"that":[67,78,94],"as":[68,99],"it":[69,91,100],"now":[70],"reads,":[71],"Apoc.":[72,96],"Pet.":[73,97],"advances":[74],"hell":[77],"sharply":[79],"contrast":[80],"those":[81],"presented":[82],"Testament.":[86],"To":[87],"solve":[88],"this":[89],"riddle,":[90],"proposed":[93],"has":[101],"been":[102,138],"preserved,":[103],"reorganized":[105],"at":[106],"much":[108],"later":[109],"stage":[110],"meet":[112],"needs":[114],"developing":[117],"Church.":[118],"Its":[119],"original":[120],"meaning":[121],"consequently":[123],"twisted":[124],"almost":[125],"beyond":[126],"recognition.":[127],"In":[128],"its":[129],"earliest":[130],"layers,":[131],"document":[134],"appears":[135],"have":[137],"mostly":[139],"concerned,":[140],"just":[141],"like":[142],"Testament,":[145],"salvation":[147],"rather":[148],"than":[149],"everlasting":[150],"chastisement.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}