{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018228724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.4.402","title":"Is acculturation a risk factor for early smoking initiation among Chinese American minors? A comparative perspective","display_name":"Is acculturation a risk factor for early smoking initiation among Chinese American minors? A comparative perspective","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018228724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.4.402","mag":"2018228724","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10629247","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1759739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/tc.8.4.402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.4.402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.4.402","pdf_url":"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/8/4/402.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149729710","display_name":"Tobacco Control","issn_l":"0964-4563","issn":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/8/4/402.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006034038","display_name":"X. Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"X. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. xinguang@hsc.usc.edu","Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. xinguang@hsc.usc.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059896811","display_name":"Jennifer Beth Unger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9064-6603","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9064-6603"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. B Unger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027073807","display_name":"Carl Anderson Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5660-7026","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5660-7026"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C A. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006034038"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9109,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74118061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"402","last_page":"410"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acculturation","display_name":"acculturation","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-initiation","display_name":"smoking initiation","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-american-adolescents","display_name":"Chinese American adolescents","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-minority-youth","display_name":"ethnic minority youth","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescent-tobacco-use","display_name":"adolescent tobacco use","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-attitudes","display_name":"attitudes toward smoking","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-benefits-of-smoking","display_name":"perceived benefits of smoking","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-prevention","display_name":"tobacco use prevention","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/california","display_name":"California","score":0.7950000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90048612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192989","display_name":"Acculturation","level":3,"score":0.8110917806625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6891658902168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.43327343463897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.41863054037094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3926040232181549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38194334506988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3552703559398651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.34133094549179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.26641374826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18106147646903992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1110515296459198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.10972815752029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07991689443588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.07642459869384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069","descriptor_name":"Acculturation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001213","descriptor_name":"Asian","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001294","descriptor_name":"Attitude to Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002681","descriptor_name":"China","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014029","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Use Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/tc.8.4.402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.4.402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.4.402","pdf_url":"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/8/4/402.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149729710","display_name":"Tobacco Control","issn_l":"0964-4563","issn":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1759739","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1759739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tob Control","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:10629247","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10629247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco control","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:tobaccocontrol:8/4/402","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/8/4/402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.claremont.edu:cgu_fac_pub-1773","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/8/4/402.full","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401604","display_name":"Scholarship @ Claremont (The Claremont Colleges)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I872248612","host_organization_name":"Claremont Colleges","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I872248612"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CGU Faculty Publications and Research","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/tc.8.4.402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.4.402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.4.402","pdf_url":"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/8/4/402.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149729710","display_name":"Tobacco Control","issn_l":"0964-4563","issn":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9763000011444092},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7307999730110168}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2018228724.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2018228724.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35877043","https://openalex.org/W81571343","https://openalex.org/W150969067","https://openalex.org/W371377765","https://openalex.org/W580280335","https://openalex.org/W1935918018","https://openalex.org/W1965460333","https://openalex.org/W1969569523","https://openalex.org/W1973138081","https://openalex.org/W1977896584","https://openalex.org/W2002964463","https://openalex.org/W2008132245","https://openalex.org/W2008786675","https://openalex.org/W2011634039","https://openalex.org/W2022615304","https://openalex.org/W2026797263","https://openalex.org/W2028531625","https://openalex.org/W2030080003","https://openalex.org/W2040481779","https://openalex.org/W2044828275","https://openalex.org/W2050475452","https://openalex.org/W2053140687","https://openalex.org/W2055524045","https://openalex.org/W2062466509","https://openalex.org/W2070452241","https://openalex.org/W2073007403","https://openalex.org/W2073420349","https://openalex.org/W2088464708","https://openalex.org/W2097224219","https://openalex.org/W2109802044","https://openalex.org/W2116125251","https://openalex.org/W2136883754","https://openalex.org/W2161295556","https://openalex.org/W2299171716","https://openalex.org/W2337704068","https://openalex.org/W2415459575","https://openalex.org/W2416899746","https://openalex.org/W2734077820","https://openalex.org/W2797482815","https://openalex.org/W4237380501","https://openalex.org/W4245972718","https://openalex.org/W4254988107","https://openalex.org/W4255542518","https://openalex.org/W4298077052","https://openalex.org/W4298290097","https://openalex.org/W4300520422","https://openalex.org/W4302893131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560953026","https://openalex.org/W824308209","https://openalex.org/W2030080003","https://openalex.org/W4253255333","https://openalex.org/W1969569523","https://openalex.org/W2113466758","https://openalex.org/W2017740839","https://openalex.org/W1970265418","https://openalex.org/W2052223736","https://openalex.org/W1980593729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2,20],"the":[3,21,37,58,64,177,221,232,238],"extent":[4],"to":[5,19,131,139],"which":[6,143],"Chinese":[7,45,113,128,158,185,193,227,239],"American":[8,46,114,186,194,228],"and":[9,18,47,63,90,101,169,188,200,213,230,240,247],"white":[10,50,123,190,208,241],"minors":[11,115,187,229],"differ":[12],"in":[13,134,137,179,234],"age":[14,86,111],"of":[15,23,36,39,74,87,107,120,148,172,181,204,211,223],"smoking":[16,26,75,79,83,88,108,155,161,173,182,205,224,235],"initiation,":[17,89],"effect":[22],"acculturation":[24,91,212,255],"on":[25],"initiation.":[27],"DESIGN:":[28],"Cross-sectional":[29],"telephone":[30],"surveys.":[31],"SETTING:":[32],"Stratified":[33],"random":[34],"samples":[35],"state":[38],"California,":[40],"United":[41],"States.":[42],"SUBJECTS:":[43],"347":[44],"10":[48],"129":[49],"adolescents":[51,195],"aged":[52],"12":[53],"through":[54],"17":[55],"years,":[56],"from":[57],"California":[59,65],"Tobacco":[60,67,243],"Survey":[61,68],"(1990-93)":[62],"Youth":[66],"(1994-96).":[69],"OUTCOME":[70],"MEASURES:":[71],"Hazards":[72],"(risk)":[73],"initiation":[76,80,109,225,236],"by":[77,110],"age,":[78],"rate,":[81,84],"cumulative":[82],"mean":[85],"status.":[92],"STATISTICAL":[93],"METHODS:":[94],"Life":[95],"table":[96],"methods,":[97],"proportional":[98],"hazards":[99,180,222],"models,":[100],"chi(2)":[102],"tests.":[103],"RESULTS:":[104],"The":[105,125],"risk":[106,126,216],"among":[112,122,157,162,226],"was":[116,151],"about":[117],"a":[118,197,201],"third":[119],"that":[121,140],"minors.":[124],"for":[127,141,249],"Americans":[129],"continued":[130],"rise":[132],"even":[133],"later":[135],"adolescence,":[136],"contrast":[138],"whites,":[142],"slowed":[144],"after":[145],"15":[146],"years":[147],"age.":[149],"Acculturation":[150],"associated":[152,175,219],"significantly":[153],"with":[154,176,220,231],"onset":[156,183,206],"Americans.":[159],"Acculturation,":[160],"social":[163],"network":[164],"members,":[165],"attitudes":[166],"toward":[167],"smoking,":[168],"perceived":[170],"benefits":[171],"were":[174,218],"difference":[178,233],"between":[184,237],"their":[189],"counterparts.":[191],"CONCLUSIONS:":[192],"had":[196],"lower":[198],"level":[199],"different":[202],"pattern":[203],"than":[207],"adolescents.":[209,242],"Levels":[210],"other":[214],"known":[215],"factors":[217,256],"prevention":[244],"policies,":[245],"strategies,":[246],"programmes":[248],"ethnically":[250],"diverse":[251],"populations":[252],"should":[253],"take":[254],"into":[257],"account.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}