{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018227805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.12.4.479","title":"Identification of typographically transformed words: Instance-based skill acquisition.","display_name":"Identification of typographically transformed words: Instance-based skill acquisition.","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018227805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.12.4.479","mag":"2018227805","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2945896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0278-7393.12.4.479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.12.4.479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.12.4.479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18666220","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition","issn_l":"0278-7393","issn":["0278-7393","1939-1285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064114154","display_name":"Michael E. J. Masson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5430-6078","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5430-6078"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael E. Masson","raw_affiliation_strings":["U Victoria, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064114154"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7775,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97071918,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"479","last_page":"488"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"word recognition","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instance-based-learning","display_name":"instance-based learning","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-acquisition","display_name":"skill acquisition","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"transfer of learning","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-word-recognition","display_name":"visual word recognition","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/letter-case","display_name":"letter case","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-shape","display_name":"word shape","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-patterns","display_name":"visual patterns","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7340577244758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.725276529788971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6206867098808289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6012737154960632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5857415795326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5127004384994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994428975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word identification","level":4,"score":0.42781874537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.4065476357936859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3303053677082062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31134939193725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.18907132744789124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.10007619857788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011601","descriptor_name":"Psychophysics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014163","descriptor_name":"Transfer, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0278-7393.12.4.479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.12.4.479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.12.4.479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18666220","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition","issn_l":"0278-7393","issn":["0278-7393","1939-1285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.4.479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.12.4.479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.12.4.479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18666220","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition","issn_l":"0278-7393","issn":["0278-7393","1939-1285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:2945896","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2945896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4156000018119812}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8700000047683716}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74704794","https://openalex.org/W426989918","https://openalex.org/W966303140","https://openalex.org/W1482176245","https://openalex.org/W1498075919","https://openalex.org/W1965247197","https://openalex.org/W1965472023","https://openalex.org/W1974950588","https://openalex.org/W1977320572","https://openalex.org/W1987264804","https://openalex.org/W2004016666","https://openalex.org/W2007780422","https://openalex.org/W2014142359","https://openalex.org/W2019371105","https://openalex.org/W2025900497","https://openalex.org/W2026505770","https://openalex.org/W2026973491","https://openalex.org/W2027326183","https://openalex.org/W2030696203","https://openalex.org/W2033383733","https://openalex.org/W2035416515","https://openalex.org/W2040690575","https://openalex.org/W2044889790","https://openalex.org/W2045539750","https://openalex.org/W2048052910","https://openalex.org/W2051459061","https://openalex.org/W2064819250","https://openalex.org/W2065678085","https://openalex.org/W2066740399","https://openalex.org/W2068546755","https://openalex.org/W2073257493","https://openalex.org/W2073725360","https://openalex.org/W2076621986","https://openalex.org/W2082389353","https://openalex.org/W2083504765","https://openalex.org/W2084472611","https://openalex.org/W2086618114","https://openalex.org/W2089383918","https://openalex.org/W2090797822","https://openalex.org/W2091092873","https://openalex.org/W2102252963","https://openalex.org/W2137225346","https://openalex.org/W2316393061","https://openalex.org/W3128452343"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015999360","https://openalex.org/W348804793","https://openalex.org/W1980404531","https://openalex.org/W4298883483","https://openalex.org/W2039611677","https://openalex.org/W7101050689","https://openalex.org/W2090072005","https://openalex.org/W2080955130","https://openalex.org/W2724208346","https://openalex.org/W2039174043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"hypotheses":[1],"concerning":[2],"the":[3,29,39,49,80,93,151],"development":[4],"of":[5,22,41,55,60,88,104,117,136,150,156,176],"skill":[6,20,33,51,63,89,139,162],"at":[7],"identifying":[8],"typographically":[9],"transformed":[10],"words":[11,170],"were":[12],"tested.":[13],"One":[14],"claim":[15],"is":[16,26,31,34,143],"that":[17,32,58,118,145,160],"a":[18,53,105,122],"general":[19,50],"independent":[21],"specific":[23,42,66,157],"training":[24,71,108],"instances":[25,43,74],"involved,":[27],"and":[28,67,72,100,109,153,159],"other":[30],"based":[35],"on":[36,92],"memory":[37],"for":[38],"analysis":[40,149],"encountered":[44],"during":[45],"training.":[46],"Contrary":[47],"to":[48,166],"view,":[52],"series":[54],"experiments":[56],"demonstrated":[57],"transfer":[59],"word":[61,101,106,119,137],"identification":[62,116,138],"was":[64,126],"highly":[65],"occurred":[68],"only":[69],"when":[70,121],"test":[73,110,114],"shared":[75],"common":[76],"letters":[77,99],"printed":[78],"in":[79,107,140],"same":[81],"case":[82],"(i.e.,":[83],"uppercase":[84],"or":[85],"lowercase).":[86],"Transfer":[87],"also":[90],"depended":[91],"visual":[94,124,152],"patterns":[95],"formed":[96],"by":[97],"adjacent":[98],"shape.":[102],"Presentation":[103],"phases":[111],"significantly":[112],"improved":[113],"phase":[115],"even":[120],"unique":[123],"pattern":[125],"used.":[127],"These":[128],"results":[129],"are":[130],"compatible":[131],"with":[132],"an":[133],"instance-based":[134],"view":[135],"which":[141],"it":[142],"assumed":[144],"subjects":[146],"develop":[147],"skilled":[148],"conceptual":[154],"characteristics":[155],"words,":[158],"this":[161],"can":[163],"be":[164],"used":[165],"identify":[167],"repeatedly":[168],"presented":[169],"as":[171,173],"well":[172],"predictable":[174],"sets":[175],"novel":[177],"words.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}