{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018037152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1318250","title":"Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay","display_name":"Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018037152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1318250","mag":"2018037152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1318250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1318250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1318250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151245446","display_name":"Teaching Sociology","issn_l":"0092-055X","issn":["0092-055X","1939-862X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teaching Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016938225","display_name":"Neil Fligstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-6502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-6502"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Fligstein","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053623968","display_name":"Charles B. Perrow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Perrow","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":116.4253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2223,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"101","last_page":"101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13235","display_name":"Management Theory and Practice","score":0.6074000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13235","display_name":"Management Theory and Practice","score":0.6074000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10344","display_name":"Management and Organizational Studies","score":0.384799987077713,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12231","display_name":"Contemporary Sociological Theory and Practice","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-theory","display_name":"organizational theory","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schools-of-thought","display_name":"schools of thought","score":0.7929999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.6689334511756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113706210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301751","display_name":"Critical theory","level":2,"score":0.5044406652450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.4500020146369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.41469836235046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.37511903047561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.35915690660476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2027747631072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.14261823892593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11108025908470154}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1318250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1318250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1318250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151245446","display_name":"Teaching Sociology","issn_l":"0092-055X","issn":["0092-055X","1939-862X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teaching Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4256590359","https://openalex.org/W2904397466","https://openalex.org/W837141334","https://openalex.org/W2330371921","https://openalex.org/W78964485","https://openalex.org/W2029331306","https://openalex.org/W4407121402","https://openalex.org/W4245877642","https://openalex.org/W569630576","https://openalex.org/W121380501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"classic":[1],"in":[2],"organizational":[3,28],"theory":[4,69],"provides":[5],"a":[6,18,42,56],"succinct":[7],"overview":[8],"of":[9,13,27,63,74],"the":[10,25,66,72],"principal":[11],"schools":[12],"thought":[14],"as":[15,55],"it":[16,40],"presents":[17],"critical,":[19],"sociopsychological,":[20],"and":[21,53,65],"historical":[22],"orientation":[23],"to":[24],"field":[26],"analysis.":[29],"Vividly":[30],"written,":[31],"with":[32],"theories":[33,62],"made":[34],"concrete":[35],"by":[36],"specific,":[37],"student-oriented":[38],"examples,":[39],"takes":[41],"critical":[43],"view":[44],"toward":[45],"organizations,":[46],"analyzing":[47],"their":[48],"impact":[49],"on":[50,60],"individuals,":[51],"groups,":[52],"society":[54],"whole.":[57],"New":[58],"chapters":[59],"economic":[61],"organization":[64],"conditional":[67],"power":[68],"are":[70],"among":[71],"features":[73],"this":[75],"revised":[76],"edition.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":73},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":93}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}