{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018000514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","title":"Ligature material in hanging deaths: The neglected area in forensic examination","display_name":"Ligature material in hanging deaths: The neglected area in forensic examination","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018000514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","mag":"2018000514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090536X1400046X/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764591111","display_name":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"2090-536X","issn":["2090-536X","2090-5939"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090536X1400046X/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079639111","display_name":"Vipul Namdeorao Ambade","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168974072","display_name":"Government Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/026b7da27","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168974072"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vipul Namdeorao Ambade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, 440003 Maharashtra State, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, 440003 Maharashtra State, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168974072"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033542450","display_name":"Nilesh Keshav Tumram","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168974072","display_name":"Government Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/026b7da27","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168974072"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nilesh Tumram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, 440003 Maharashtra State, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, 440003 Maharashtra State, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168974072"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110301137","display_name":"Satin Kalidas Meshram","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168974072","display_name":"Government Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/026b7da27","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168974072"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satin Meshram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, 440003 Maharashtra State, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, 440003 Maharashtra State, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168974072"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044142911","display_name":"Jaydeo Laxman Borkar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168974072","display_name":"Government Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/026b7da27","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168974072"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaydeo Borkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, 440003 Maharashtra State, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, 440003 Maharashtra State, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168974072"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079639111"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168974072"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0849,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78997947,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"109","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13001","display_name":"Restraint-Related Deaths","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13001","display_name":"Restraint-Related Deaths","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12296","display_name":"Autopsy Techniques and Outcomes","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13605","display_name":"Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hanging-death","display_name":"hanging death","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ligature-material","display_name":"ligature material","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knot-types","display_name":"knot types","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slip-knot","display_name":"slip knot","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nylon-rope","display_name":"nylon rope","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicide-by-hanging","display_name":"suicide by hanging","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autopsy-findings","display_name":"autopsy findings","score":0.41100001335144043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777998629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144381","display_name":"Ligature","level":2,"score":0.9097455739974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779863119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423048","display_name":"Knot (papermaking)","level":2,"score":0.6041120290756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5425705313682556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.5064319372177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777586403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4243098","display_name":"Hook","level":2,"score":0.4717691242694855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779504383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41482","display_name":"Autopsy","level":2,"score":0.4549294710159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162269090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156047","display_name":"Rope","level":2,"score":0.45247378945350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.33832472562789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32989901304244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.17678135633468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1413683295249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.10909026861190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090536X1400046X/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764591111","display_name":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"2090-536X","issn":["2090-536X","2090-5939"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:21d7bbd9eab44599b6110c0bd7501967","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/21d7bbd9eab44599b6110c0bd7501967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 5, Iss 3, Pp 109-113 (2015)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.002","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090536X1400046X/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764591111","display_name":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"2090-536X","issn":["2090-536X","2090-5939"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2018000514.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2018000514.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1701388370","https://openalex.org/W1988295825","https://openalex.org/W2002345776","https://openalex.org/W2062584472","https://openalex.org/W2068815795","https://openalex.org/W2104501830","https://openalex.org/W2140985816","https://openalex.org/W2145403557","https://openalex.org/W2255620611","https://openalex.org/W2255774590","https://openalex.org/W2286878572","https://openalex.org/W2971354721","https://openalex.org/W3126852220","https://openalex.org/W4409507515","https://openalex.org/W6647544605"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385780282","https://openalex.org/W4410009825","https://openalex.org/W2062584472","https://openalex.org/W6967663770","https://openalex.org/W2131637690","https://openalex.org/W2140985816","https://openalex.org/W3172561420","https://openalex.org/W2972654439","https://openalex.org/W7155369307","https://openalex.org/W7216547511"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,96,117,136,159],"hanging":[1,9,73,76,87,179,186],"mark":[2],"is":[3,26],"the":[4,17,21,23,35,38,48,53,60,71,82,94,106,125,134,140,146,150,154,167,178,191],"most":[5],"relevant":[6],"feature":[7],"of":[8,20,37,52,62,70,81,93,99,124,133,139,145,153,161,163],"and":[10,50,64,114,127,174,190,200],"its":[11],"characteristics":[12],"are":[13,41],"well":[14],"known":[15],"in":[16,32,59,67,79,90,122,131,172,176,187],"literature.":[18],"Most":[19,181],"time,":[22],"ligature":[24,39,100,165,193],"material":[25,40,101],"not":[27,42],"available":[28],"during":[29],"autopsy":[30,65],"examination":[31],"hanging.":[33,68],"Hence,":[34],"features":[36],"submitted":[43],"to":[44],"systematic":[45],"analysis.":[46],"However,":[47],"type":[49,98],"position":[51,138],"knot":[54,119,141],"plays":[55],"an":[56],"important":[57],"role":[58],"mechanism":[61],"death":[63],"findings":[66],"Out":[69],"total":[72],"deaths,":[74],"complete":[75],"was":[77,88,108,120,142,169],"seen":[78],"67.7%":[80],"cases,":[83],"but":[84],"a":[85,128,164],"typical":[86],"noted":[89,121],"only":[91],"10.2%":[92],"cases.":[95,135],"commonest":[97,137,192],"used":[102],"for":[103],"ligation":[104],"around":[105,166],"neck":[107,155,168],"nylon":[109],"rope":[110],"followed":[111,148],"by":[112,149,185,198],"odhni":[113],"jute":[115],"rope.":[116],"fixed":[118],"64.6%":[123],"cases":[126],"running":[129],"(slip)":[130],"21.3%":[132],"at":[143,156],"nape":[144],"neck,":[147],"left":[151],"side":[152],"mastoid":[157],"process.":[158],"number":[160],"turns/loops":[162],"one":[170],"turn":[171],"72.4%":[173],"two":[175],"25.2%":[177],"deaths.":[180],"victims":[182],"committed":[183],"suicide":[184],"their":[188],"homes,":[189],"points":[194],"were":[195],"trees,":[196],"flowed":[197],"beams":[199],"ceiling":[201],"hook/fans.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
