{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017914770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541449408406520","title":"Implicit and explicit processes in a second-language learning task","display_name":"Implicit and explicit processes in a second-language learning task","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017914770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541449408406520","mag":"2017914770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09541449408406520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541449408406520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541449408406520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133248390","display_name":"The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology","issn_l":"0954-1446","issn":["0954-1446","1464-0635"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Cognitive Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050700337","display_name":"Irene C. Michas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71052956","display_name":"University of Reading","ror":"https://ror.org/05v62cm79","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irene C. Michas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108448964","display_name":"Dianne C. Berry","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71052956","display_name":"University of Reading","ror":"https://ror.org/05v62cm79","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dianne C. Berry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82183709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"357","last_page":"381"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.35499998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.35499998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.3086000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.09690000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-acquisition","display_name":"second language acquisition","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explicit-instruction","display_name":"explicit instruction","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implicit-learning","display_name":"implicit learning","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greek-pronunciation","display_name":"Greek pronunciation","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation-rules","display_name":"pronunciation rules","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-modality","display_name":"visual modality","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auditory-modality","display_name":"auditory modality","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/practice-effects","display_name":"practice effects","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-knowledge","display_name":"rule-based knowledge","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.7506041526794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.7466843128204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6973456740379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6894663572311401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","level":2,"score":0.6855398416519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777379011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938545","display_name":"Implicit learning","level":3,"score":0.5806005597114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5506071448326111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.52442866563797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56814567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323686","display_name":"Explicit knowledge","level":2,"score":0.5173582434654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19479481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888033","display_name":"Modality effect","level":5,"score":0.5143355131149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.47320884466171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.45693886280059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.44498586654663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3563998341560364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31229954957962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.240958571434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22131747007369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179226034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18599","display_name":"Short-term memory","level":4,"score":0.08812862634658813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.0825812816619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09541449408406520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541449408406520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541449408406520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133248390","display_name":"The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology","issn_l":"0954-1446","issn":["0954-1446","1464-0635"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Cognitive Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:hdl:10068/454686","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10068/454686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196900","display_name":"OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","host_organization_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"U - Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:hdl:10068/455560","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10068/455560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196900","display_name":"OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","host_organization_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"U - Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183514988","https://openalex.org/W648533007","https://openalex.org/W1481944755","https://openalex.org/W1548444061","https://openalex.org/W1708874574","https://openalex.org/W1717062354","https://openalex.org/W1885878428","https://openalex.org/W1967658564","https://openalex.org/W1980822496","https://openalex.org/W2004022065","https://openalex.org/W2044275064","https://openalex.org/W2051139988","https://openalex.org/W2052152408","https://openalex.org/W2062766174","https://openalex.org/W2069971109","https://openalex.org/W2075509776","https://openalex.org/W2081965739","https://openalex.org/W2099688254","https://openalex.org/W2125363303","https://openalex.org/W2136737367","https://openalex.org/W2138355270","https://openalex.org/W2144868784","https://openalex.org/W2156900568","https://openalex.org/W2156989642","https://openalex.org/W2162640115","https://openalex.org/W2167631320","https://openalex.org/W2798445359","https://openalex.org/W2994090405","https://openalex.org/W4247641104","https://openalex.org/W4249151066","https://openalex.org/W4249357957","https://openalex.org/W4290377501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966502501","https://openalex.org/W1977260578","https://openalex.org/W2167631320","https://openalex.org/W2100940719","https://openalex.org/W2069905920","https://openalex.org/W1584736346","https://openalex.org/W2072967681","https://openalex.org/W2558073431","https://openalex.org/W7018782712","https://openalex.org/W2069971109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"experiments":[1],"examined":[2,147],"the":[3,23,40,48,54,70,79,109,129,133,152,155,168,180],"learning":[4,171],"of":[5,8,17,25,30,63,67,90,98,105,108,119,154,162,179],"a":[6,61,88,148],"set":[7,62],"Greek":[9,64,80],"pronunciation":[10],"rules":[11,181],"through":[12],"explicit":[13,28,41,106,163,177],"and":[14,27,36,51,84,121,164,170],"implicit":[15,26,55,143,165],"modes":[16,29],"rule":[18,43,49,71,156],"presentation.":[19],"Experiment":[20,145],"1":[21],"compared":[22],"effectiveness":[24],"presentation":[31,120,166,178],"in":[32,39,53,128,132,167],"two":[33],"modalities,":[34],"visual":[35,130],"auditory.":[37],"Subjects":[38,77],"or":[42,56],"group":[44,58],"were":[45,59,85],"presented":[46],"with":[47],"set,":[50,72],"those":[52],"natural":[57],"shown":[60],"words,":[65],"composed":[66],"letters":[68],"from":[69],"linked":[73],"to":[74,82,94],"their":[75],"pronunciations.":[76],"learned":[78],"words":[81],"criterion":[83],"then":[86],"given":[87],"series":[89],"tests":[91],"which":[92],"aimed":[93],"tap":[95],"different":[96,160],"types":[97],"knowledge.":[99],"The":[100,173],"results":[101,174],"showed":[102],"an":[103,113],"advantage":[104,153],"study":[107,169],"rules.":[110],"In":[111],"addition,":[112],"interaction":[114],"was":[115,125,138],"found":[116],"between":[117],"mode":[118],"modality.":[122],"Explicit":[123],"instruction":[124],"more":[126],"effective":[127],"than":[131],"auditory":[134],"modality,":[135],"whereas":[136],"there":[137],"no":[139],"modality":[140],"effect":[141],"for":[142,151],"instruction.":[144],"2":[146],"possible":[149],"reason":[150],"groups":[157],"by":[158,189],"comparing":[159],"combinations":[161],"phases.":[172],"suggested":[175],"that":[176],"is":[182,187],"only":[183],"beneficial":[184],"when":[185],"it":[186],"followed":[188],"practice":[190],"at":[191],"applying":[192],"them.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
