{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017904399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200609000-00004","title":"Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care: What Is the Role of Academic Medicine?","display_name":"Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care: What Is the Role of Academic Medicine?","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017904399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200609000-00004","mag":"2017904399","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16936481"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/00001888-200609000-00004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200609000-00004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200609000-00004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19793444","display_name":"Academic Medicine","issn_l":"1040-2446","issn":["1040-2446","1938-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071973420","display_name":"Joseph R. Betancourt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph R. Betancourt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School, 50 Staniford St., Ste. 942, Boston, MA 02114, USA. jbetancourt@partners.org","Hospital","Massachusetts","Policy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, 50 Staniford St., Ste. 942, Boston, MA 02114, USA. jbetancourt@partners.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Policy","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071973420"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.0921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":134,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99454394,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"81","issue":"9","first_page":"788","last_page":"792"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12194","display_name":"Cultural Competency in Health Care","score":0.7548999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12194","display_name":"Cultural Competency in Health Care","score":0.7548999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.12960000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.033799998462200165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic health disparities","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-disparities","display_name":"health care disparities","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-academy-of-medicine","display_name":"Institute of Medicine","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intercultural-education","display_name":"intercultural education","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-professions-education","display_name":"health professions education","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities-research","display_name":"health disparities research","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-improvement","display_name":"quality improvement","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-equity","display_name":"health equity","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7441012263298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.7031065225601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6326330900192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20387591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930752","display_name":"Specialty","level":2,"score":0.6173783540725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5980201363563538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104977270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000306","display_name":"Race and health","level":4,"score":0.5201212167739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.4936126470565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780831525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Academic medicine","level":2,"score":0.46646225452423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.4652441740036011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.43088412284851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.37983906269073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3608855605125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3236854672431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.24550768733024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22443968057632446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000046","descriptor_name":"Academic Medical Centers","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006287","descriptor_name":"Health Planning Guidelines","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007857","descriptor_name":"Leadership","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011785","descriptor_name":"Quality Assurance, Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012109","descriptor_name":"Research Support as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012380","descriptor_name":"Role","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012935","descriptor_name":"Social Justice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013240","descriptor_name":"Stereotyping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014146","descriptor_name":"Training Support","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018864","descriptor_name":"Cultural Diversity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019317","descriptor_name":"Evidence-Based Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044469","descriptor_name":"Racial Groups","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/00001888-200609000-00004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200609000-00004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200609000-00004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19793444","display_name":"Academic Medicine","issn_l":"1040-2446","issn":["1040-2446","1938-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16936481","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16936481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/970300","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/970300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:299325","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W989831","https://openalex.org/W3331483","https://openalex.org/W61493659","https://openalex.org/W1483679835","https://openalex.org/W1556833193","https://openalex.org/W1918881530","https://openalex.org/W1963608427","https://openalex.org/W1976961815","https://openalex.org/W1991525577","https://openalex.org/W2001371486","https://openalex.org/W2002268484","https://openalex.org/W2002938037","https://openalex.org/W2007606103","https://openalex.org/W2008756355","https://openalex.org/W2010913851","https://openalex.org/W2011053211","https://openalex.org/W2013446091","https://openalex.org/W2018529805","https://openalex.org/W2021333605","https://openalex.org/W2022685398","https://openalex.org/W2023193864","https://openalex.org/W2024641550","https://openalex.org/W2033292710","https://openalex.org/W2033352937","https://openalex.org/W2036019845","https://openalex.org/W2037427651","https://openalex.org/W2048516286","https://openalex.org/W2054882214","https://openalex.org/W2066624300","https://openalex.org/W2074131504","https://openalex.org/W2084373800","https://openalex.org/W2085285783","https://openalex.org/W2089988904","https://openalex.org/W2091346218","https://openalex.org/W2091572615","https://openalex.org/W2104224087","https://openalex.org/W2189430539","https://openalex.org/W2318161371","https://openalex.org/W2318964137","https://openalex.org/W2329290406","https://openalex.org/W2331499127","https://openalex.org/W2333478622","https://openalex.org/W2333765518","https://openalex.org/W2334902877","https://openalex.org/W2367892943","https://openalex.org/W2806053047","https://openalex.org/W2903590133","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W43717339","https://openalex.org/W2212162237","https://openalex.org/W76162487","https://openalex.org/W1539293699","https://openalex.org/W2090702780","https://openalex.org/W3087182157","https://openalex.org/W2067001668","https://openalex.org/W2016605337","https://openalex.org/W2043322570","https://openalex.org/W6959238293"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"has":[1,102],"shown":[2],"that":[3],"minority":[4],"Americans":[5],"have":[6,221],"poorer":[7],"health":[8,45,67,88,126,145,200,208,236],"outcomes":[9,209],"(compared":[10],"to":[11,28,83,141,152,156,168],"whites)":[12],"from":[13],"preventable":[14],"and":[15,24,30,41,63,80,111,119,124,138,171,185,203,216,223,245,254],"treatable":[16],"conditions":[17],"such":[18,85],"as":[19],"cardiovascular":[20],"disease,":[21],"diabetes,":[22],"asthma,":[23],"cancer.":[25],"In":[26],"addition":[27],"racial":[29,40,62],"ethnic":[31,42,64],"disparities":[32,43,65,86,194,215,238,256],"in":[33,44,66,69,87,106,122,149],"health,":[34],"there":[35],"is":[36],"also":[37,131],"evidence":[38],"of":[39,49,58,61,78,95,160,163,173,214,235,242],"care.":[46],"The":[47],"Institute":[48],"Medicine":[50],"Report":[51],"Unequal":[52,73,164],"Treatment":[53,74,165],"remains":[54],"the":[55,59,70,117,142,161,169,233],"preeminent":[56],"study":[57],"issue":[60],"care":[68,146,155,179,237],"United":[71],"States.":[72],"provided":[75],"a":[76,92,239],"series":[77],"general":[79],"specific":[81],"recommendations":[82,162,220],"address":[84],"care,":[89],"focusing":[90],"on":[91,188],"broad":[93],"set":[94],"stakeholders":[96],"including":[97,108],"academic":[98,174,227],"medicine.":[99,175,228],"Academic":[100,128,229],"medicine":[101,129,230],"several":[103],"important":[104],"roles":[105,172],"society,":[107],"providing":[109],"primary":[110],"specialty":[112],"medical":[113],"services,":[114],"caring":[115],"for":[116,226],"poor":[118],"uninsured,":[120],"engaging":[121],"research,":[123],"educating":[125],"professionals.":[127],"should":[130],"provide":[132,246],"national":[133,247],"leadership":[134,248],"by":[135,183,195,210,249],"identifying":[136,212,250],"innovations":[137,253],"creating":[139,255],"solutions":[140],"challenges":[143],"our":[144],"system":[147],"faces":[148],"its":[150,243],"attempt":[151],"deliver":[153],"high-quality":[154],"all":[157],"patients.":[158],"Several":[159],"speak":[166],"directly":[167],"mission":[170],"For":[176],"instance,":[177],"patient":[178],"can":[180,192,205],"be":[181],"improved":[182],"collecting":[184],"reporting":[186],"data":[187],"patients'":[189],"race/ethnicity;":[190],"education":[191,198],"minimize":[193],"integrating":[196],"cross-cultural":[197],"into":[199],"professions":[201],"training;":[202],"research":[204],"help":[206],"improve":[207],"better":[211],"sources":[213],"promising":[217],"interventions.":[218],"These":[219],"clear":[222],"direct":[224],"implications":[225],"must":[231],"make":[232],"elimination":[234],"critical":[240],"part":[241],"mission,":[244],"quality":[251],"improvement":[252],"solutions.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}