{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017892919","doi":null,"title":"Why Does the Utilization of Pharmaceuticals Vary So Much Across Europe? Evidence from Micro Data on Older Europeans","display_name":"Why Does the Utilization of Pharmaceuticals Vary So Much Across Europe? Evidence from Micro Data on Older Europeans","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017892919","mag":"2017892919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:yor:hectdg:09/06","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.york.ac.uk/media/economics/documents/herc/wp/09_06.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.york.ac.uk/media/economics/documents/herc/wp/09_06.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079909346","display_name":"Dimitra Lambrelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2430-1778","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2430-1778"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192756129","display_name":"University of Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/05fg6gr82","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitra Lambrelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020University of Macedonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2430-1778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020University of Macedonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016673935","display_name":"Owen O\u2019Donnell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6289-1924","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6289-1924"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Owen O\u2019Donnell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6289-1924","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.826200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.826200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.07620000094175339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12781","display_name":"Global Health Care Issues","score":0.06870000064373016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-use","display_name":"drug use","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-variation","display_name":"cross-national variation","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-organization","display_name":"health care organization","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-health","display_name":"population health","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-density","display_name":"physician density","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-reimbursement","display_name":"drug reimbursement","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retail-drug-prices","display_name":"retail drug prices","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prescribing-behaviour","display_name":"prescribing behaviour","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-disease","display_name":"chronic disease","score":0.4970000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779703844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760125","display_name":"Reimbursement","level":3,"score":0.6476145386695862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6291087865829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778979077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330190","display_name":"Receipt","level":2,"score":0.6099950075149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5593279004096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104863432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614304","display_name":"Pharmacy","level":2,"score":0.49298521876335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.48964768648147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4861583411693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.47508659958839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4296165704727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33594992756843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.21482893824577332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.2050756812095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16576790809631348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1220511794090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.12126904726028442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:yor:hectdg:09/06","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.york.ac.uk/media/economics/documents/herc/wp/09_06.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.york.ac.uk/media/economics/documents/herc/wp/09_06.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:2017892919","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.york.ac.uk/media/economics/documents/herc/wp/09_06.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51872220","https://openalex.org/W74305558","https://openalex.org/W97761631","https://openalex.org/W134976212","https://openalex.org/W1508364550","https://openalex.org/W1527087929","https://openalex.org/W1604374511","https://openalex.org/W1750398681","https://openalex.org/W1967289998","https://openalex.org/W1969868159","https://openalex.org/W1970212391","https://openalex.org/W1973189746","https://openalex.org/W1976095425","https://openalex.org/W1985265935","https://openalex.org/W1992073638","https://openalex.org/W1992848522","https://openalex.org/W1992918169","https://openalex.org/W1993727635","https://openalex.org/W2003399068","https://openalex.org/W2014030553","https://openalex.org/W2031293971","https://openalex.org/W2037450761","https://openalex.org/W2038148078","https://openalex.org/W2047380919","https://openalex.org/W2047651757","https://openalex.org/W2053373386","https://openalex.org/W2070893229","https://openalex.org/W2077724516","https://openalex.org/W2084593964","https://openalex.org/W2092892989","https://openalex.org/W2095750684","https://openalex.org/W2097097501","https://openalex.org/W2098886320","https://openalex.org/W2099243205","https://openalex.org/W2105241357","https://openalex.org/W2105786717","https://openalex.org/W2106643836","https://openalex.org/W2109589065","https://openalex.org/W2113575781","https://openalex.org/W2115852685","https://openalex.org/W2118514877","https://openalex.org/W2121141291","https://openalex.org/W2121929370","https://openalex.org/W2123621213","https://openalex.org/W2129641164","https://openalex.org/W2133952361","https://openalex.org/W2137675119","https://openalex.org/W2139900098","https://openalex.org/W2140509397","https://openalex.org/W2143600208","https://openalex.org/W2146033013","https://openalex.org/W2146960414","https://openalex.org/W2155218005","https://openalex.org/W2155441883","https://openalex.org/W2156582110","https://openalex.org/W2162354801","https://openalex.org/W2164026547","https://openalex.org/W2167067204","https://openalex.org/W2272759546","https://openalex.org/W2412036261","https://openalex.org/W3003318938","https://openalex.org/W3121226818","https://openalex.org/W3125628809","https://openalex.org/W3149217622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514007035","https://openalex.org/W2789950955","https://openalex.org/W2496941308","https://openalex.org/W2809582156","https://openalex.org/W2024105305","https://openalex.org/W2001682599","https://openalex.org/W2004705292","https://openalex.org/W4413108936","https://openalex.org/W253254311","https://openalex.org/W4399189416"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"analyze":[1],"the":[2,15,58,92,96,124,127,135,170,199],"relative":[3],"importance":[4],"of":[5,17,23,60,63,72,91,126,134,140,152,169,198],"population":[6,83,177],"versus":[7],"institutional":[8],"factors":[9,56],"in":[10,14,32,82,95,123,138,147,150],"explaining":[11,148],"cross-country":[12,93],"variation":[13,94,137,149,172,200],"utilization":[16,139],"pharmaceuticals":[18,73,100],"among":[19,27,42,101,112],"older":[20,103],"Europeans.":[21],"Use":[22],"medication":[24,153],"is":[25,201],"examined":[26],"all":[28,102],"individuals":[29],"aged":[30],"50+":[31],"eleven":[33],"European":[34],"countries":[35],"and,":[36],"to":[37,77,98,109],"better":[38],"control":[39],"for":[40,48,88,119,154,166,184,193],"need,":[41],"those":[43,113],"diagnosed":[44,116],"with":[45,114],"medical":[46],"conditions":[47],"which":[49,167,194],"there":[50],"exist":[51],"effective":[52],"drug":[53],"therapies.":[54],"Organizational":[55,142],"include":[57],"density":[59],"pharmacies":[61],"and":[62,74,85,129,164,178,181,191],"physicians,":[64],"retail":[65],"prices,":[66],"reimbursement":[67],"rates,":[68],"restrictions":[69],"on":[70],"retailing":[71],"incentives":[75],"designed":[76],"influence":[78],"prescribing":[79],"behaviour.":[80],"Differences":[81],"health":[84,130],"demographics":[86],"account":[87],"almost":[89],"75%":[90],"propensity":[97],"use":[99],"Europeans":[104],"but":[105],"this":[106,120],"fraction":[107],"falls":[108],"only":[110],"12%":[111],"a":[115],"condition,":[117],"while,":[118],"group,":[121],"differences":[122,143],"organization":[125],"pharmaceutical":[128],"sectors":[131],"explain":[132],"32-54%":[133],"cross-European":[136],"medicines.":[141],"are":[144],"more":[145],"important":[146,183],"receipt":[151],"serious":[155],"conditions,":[156,186],"such":[157,187],"as":[158,188],"asthma,":[159],"arthritis,":[160],"diabetes,":[161],"heart":[162],"attack":[163],"stroke,":[165],"60-80%":[168],"crosscountry":[171],"can":[173],"be":[174],"explained":[175],"by":[176],"organizational":[179],"factors,":[180],"less":[182,195],"asymptomatic":[185],"high":[189],"cholesterol":[190],"hypertension,":[192],"than":[196],"35%":[197],"explained.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}