{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017724840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1942636","title":"Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Concepts in Ecological Models","display_name":"Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Concepts in Ecological Models","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017724840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1942636","mag":"2017724840"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1942636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1942636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1942636","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201386569","display_name":"Ecological Monographs","issn_l":"0012-9615","issn":["0012-9615","1557-7015"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Monographs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2017724840"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110483019","display_name":"Donald Lee Deangelis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5058-8664","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5058-8664"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. L. DeAngelis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071516279","display_name":"J.C. Waterhouse","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. C. Waterhouse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3970},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.1699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":617,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9984985,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13377","display_name":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","score":0.1598999947309494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10005","display_name":"Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies","score":0.012500000186264515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem-stability","display_name":"ecosystem stability","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-feedback","display_name":"nonlinear feedback","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-delay","display_name":"time delay","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-excitation","display_name":"random excitation","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-perturbations","display_name":"environmental disturbance","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-interactions","display_name":"functional interactions","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensatory-mechanisms","display_name":"compensatory mechanisms","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-scale","display_name":"spatial scale","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-heterogeneity","display_name":"spatial heterogeneity","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-resilience","display_name":"ecosystem resilience","score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonequilibrium-dynamics","display_name":"nonequilibrium dynamics","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-density","display_name":"population density","score":0.3070000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283581","display_name":"Disturbance (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5780590772628784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.5662354230880737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49539007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7782365","display_name":"Theoretical ecology","level":3,"score":0.5196062922477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.5146385431289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5122687220573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4797481298446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.4751831591129303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295872","display_name":"Ecological systems theory","level":2,"score":0.4619031548500061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.45363742113113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.4501379728317261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33474566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345659","display_name":"Catastrophe theory","level":2,"score":0.4462691843509674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132459708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744069","display_name":"Extrapolation","level":2,"score":0.4340507984161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80368990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459","display_name":"Earth system science","level":2,"score":0.4324425458908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5003390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7229801","display_name":"Population cycle","level":3,"score":0.42697760462760925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4194730818271637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4073237478733063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3850957453250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2664037048816681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23459821939468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17830872535705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16212737560272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188382862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430","display_name":"Predation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1942636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1942636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1942636","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201386569","display_name":"Ecological Monographs","issn_l":"0012-9615","issn":["0012-9615","1557-7015"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Monographs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4390000104904175}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":167,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114454382","https://openalex.org/W144913852","https://openalex.org/W166875825","https://openalex.org/W201346618","https://openalex.org/W239639321","https://openalex.org/W430227143","https://openalex.org/W1496410540","https://openalex.org/W1500291103","https://openalex.org/W1514623197","https://openalex.org/W1562680357","https://openalex.org/W1679724687","https://openalex.org/W1936774573","https://openalex.org/W1965791263","https://openalex.org/W1966532532","https://openalex.org/W1968786866","https://openalex.org/W1969392946","https://openalex.org/W1970833178","https://openalex.org/W1974119428","https://openalex.org/W1975754218","https://openalex.org/W1976714871","https://openalex.org/W1979051595","https://openalex.org/W1980431730","https://openalex.org/W1980481787","https://openalex.org/W1981244388","https://openalex.org/W1981751960","https://openalex.org/W1983173496","https://openalex.org/W1984555757","https://openalex.org/W1986197266","https://openalex.org/W1987143350","https://openalex.org/W1987694301","https://openalex.org/W1990291672","https://openalex.org/W1994962704","https://openalex.org/W1994977775","https://openalex.org/W1996223682","https://openalex.org/W1996247834","https://openalex.org/W1996922079","https://openalex.org/W1996991785","https://openalex.org/W1997052747","https://openalex.org/W1997099955","https://openalex.org/W1997137661","https://openalex.org/W1997608034","https://openalex.org/W1998358100","https://openalex.org/W1998413330","https://openalex.org/W1999488309","https://openalex.org/W1999550793","https://openalex.org/W2000955068","https://openalex.org/W2001451047","https://openalex.org/W2002137160","https://openalex.org/W2003866924","https://openalex.org/W2007021204","https://openalex.org/W2007131994","https://openalex.org/W2008536883","https://openalex.org/W2008590615","https://openalex.org/W2008759849","https://openalex.org/W2008771244","https://openalex.org/W2008968713","https://openalex.org/W2010453582","https://openalex.org/W2010941810","https://openalex.org/W2011303397","https://openalex.org/W2011351848","https://openalex.org/W2011882588","https://openalex.org/W2012413510","https://openalex.org/W2013501805","https://openalex.org/W2014920266","https://openalex.org/W2016564928","https://openalex.org/W2017479345","https://openalex.org/W2018263586","https://openalex.org/W2019806387","https://openalex.org/W2020875025","https://openalex.org/W2021677512","https://openalex.org/W2022820325","https://openalex.org/W2022972740","https://openalex.org/W2024268269","https://openalex.org/W2025929564","https://openalex.org/W2027855962","https://openalex.org/W2029732640","https://openalex.org/W2029796932","https://openalex.org/W2032839068","https://openalex.org/W2034207977","https://openalex.org/W2035592939","https://openalex.org/W2039242056","https://openalex.org/W2039287963","https://openalex.org/W2040174528","https://openalex.org/W2043808960","https://openalex.org/W2044111860","https://openalex.org/W2044308796","https://openalex.org/W2044670885","https://openalex.org/W2045639592","https://openalex.org/W2046326805","https://openalex.org/W2047129502","https://openalex.org/W2047211087","https://openalex.org/W2048042774","https://openalex.org/W2048412364","https://openalex.org/W2049546703","https://openalex.org/W2050900164","https://openalex.org/W2051238567","https://openalex.org/W2051590317","https://openalex.org/W2051891570","https://openalex.org/W2051895482","https://openalex.org/W2051902031","https://openalex.org/W2052125279","https://openalex.org/W2054637019","https://openalex.org/W2055555878","https://openalex.org/W2058598632","https://openalex.org/W2059753717","https://openalex.org/W2060793884","https://openalex.org/W2061011338","https://openalex.org/W2061144016","https://openalex.org/W2062283701","https://openalex.org/W2063282180","https://openalex.org/W2063569956","https://openalex.org/W2064466182","https://openalex.org/W2065036101","https://openalex.org/W2065251059","https://openalex.org/W2066274326","https://openalex.org/W2066725646","https://openalex.org/W2067324612","https://openalex.org/W2067813367","https://openalex.org/W2068537152","https://openalex.org/W2070136747","https://openalex.org/W2070545100","https://openalex.org/W2072649899","https://openalex.org/W2075420092","https://openalex.org/W2077755618","https://openalex.org/W2080842956","https://openalex.org/W2081460991","https://openalex.org/W2081527029","https://openalex.org/W2083441810","https://openalex.org/W2084731057","https://openalex.org/W2087258193","https://openalex.org/W2087443216","https://openalex.org/W2087917449","https://openalex.org/W2088785430","https://openalex.org/W2090495439","https://openalex.org/W2097044247","https://openalex.org/W2099314100","https://openalex.org/W2104969881","https://openalex.org/W2109031733","https://openalex.org/W2109859075","https://openalex.org/W2113263163","https://openalex.org/W2117006756","https://openalex.org/W2119510208","https://openalex.org/W2127163279","https://openalex.org/W2127950889","https://openalex.org/W2133072591","https://openalex.org/W2153778432","https://openalex.org/W2157258388","https://openalex.org/W2314784075","https://openalex.org/W2315386399","https://openalex.org/W2318395481","https://openalex.org/W2318510653","https://openalex.org/W2318701429","https://openalex.org/W2322513711","https://openalex.org/W2323358873","https://openalex.org/W2325325686","https://openalex.org/W2326299525","https://openalex.org/W2328937347","https://openalex.org/W2329598169","https://openalex.org/W2331245998","https://openalex.org/W2334612676","https://openalex.org/W2335256095","https://openalex.org/W2536800249","https://openalex.org/W2962874606","https://openalex.org/W2970180079","https://openalex.org/W3025136633","https://openalex.org/W3210273551","https://openalex.org/W4299993032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073027009","https://openalex.org/W1994704490","https://openalex.org/W2015519168","https://openalex.org/W7165779078","https://openalex.org/W1509141413","https://openalex.org/W2043743787","https://openalex.org/W3039129210","https://openalex.org/W2529052771","https://openalex.org/W7160609135","https://openalex.org/W2480570210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mathematical":[0],"models":[1,82],"and":[2,19,27,68,90,116,145,153],"empirical":[3],"studies":[4],"have":[5,79,97,135],"revealed":[6],"two":[7],"potentially":[8],"disruptive":[9,88],"influences":[10],"on":[11,160],"ecosystems;":[12],"(1)":[13,99],"instabilities":[14],"caused":[15],"by":[16,31],"nonlinear":[17],"feedbacks":[18],"time\u2014lags":[20],"in":[21,56,74,166],"the":[22,49,62,118,130,147,174],"interactions":[23,101],"of":[24,37,51,65,121,132,150,186],"biological":[25],"species,":[26],"(2)":[28,108],"stochastic":[29],"forcings":[30],"a":[32,167,183,191],"fluctuating":[33],"environment.":[34],"Because":[35],"both":[36],"these":[38,161],"phenomena":[39],"can":[40,163,194],"severely":[41],"affect":[42],"system":[43],"survival,":[44],"ecologists":[45,78],"are":[46],"confronted":[47],"with":[48],"question":[50],"why":[52],"complex":[53],"ecosystems":[54],"do,":[55],"fact,":[57],"exist.":[58],"Our":[59],"study":[60],"analyzes":[61],"basic":[63],"themes":[64],"this":[66],"research":[67],"identifies":[69],"five":[70],"general":[71],"hypotheses":[72],"that,":[73],"recent":[75],"years,":[76],"theoretical":[77],"built":[80],"into":[81,125],"to":[83,199],"increase":[84],"their":[85],"stability":[86],"against":[87],"feedback":[89,94,114],"stochasticity.":[91],"To":[92,128],"counter":[93],"instabilities,":[95],"theoreticians":[96],"considered":[98],"functional":[100],"between":[102],"species":[103],"that":[104,111,157,173,193],"act":[105],"as":[106,182,190],"stabilizers,":[107],"disturbance":[109],"patterns":[110],"interrupt":[112],"adverse":[113],"effects,":[115],"(3)":[117],"stabilizing":[119],"effect":[120,149],"integrating":[122],"small\u2014spatial\u2014scale":[123],"systems":[124],"large":[126,201],"landscapes.":[127],"decrease":[129],"influence":[131],"stochasticity,":[133],"modelers":[134],"hypothesized":[136],"(4)":[137],"compensatory":[138],"mechanisms":[139],"operating":[140],"at":[141],"low":[142],"population":[143],"densities,":[144],"(5)":[146],"moderating":[148],"spatial":[151,202],"extent":[152],"heterogeneity.":[154],"We":[155,170],"show":[156,172],"modeling":[158],"based":[159],"ideas":[162],"be":[164,180],"organized":[165],"systematic":[168],"way.":[169],"also":[171],"stable":[175],"equilibrium":[176],"state":[177],"should":[178],"not":[179],"viewed":[181],"fundamental":[184],"property":[185,192],"ecological":[187],"systems,":[188],"but":[189],"emerge":[195],"asymptotically":[196],"from":[197],"extrapolation":[198],"sufficiently":[200],"scales.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
