{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017719618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2010.510863","title":"Defining the Non-Combatant: How do we Determine Who is Worthy of Protection in Violent Conflict?","display_name":"Defining the Non-Combatant: How do we Determine Who is Worthy of Protection in Violent Conflict?","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017719618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2010.510863","mag":"2017719618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/15027570.2010.510863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2010.510863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2010.510863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129533909","display_name":"Journal of Military Ethics","issn_l":"1502-7570","issn":["1502-7570","1502-7589"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Military Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087940327","display_name":"Emily Kalah Gade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9061-7869","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9061-7869"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emily Kalah Gade","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087940327"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9525,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"219","last_page":"242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.008999999612569809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14492","display_name":"War, Law, and Justice","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-combatant-immunity","display_name":"non-combatant immunity","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/just-war-theory","display_name":"just war theory","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combatant-status","display_name":"combatant status","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-soldiers","display_name":"child soldiers","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-suicide-bombers","display_name":"female suicide bombers","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanitarian-evacuation","display_name":"humanitarian evacuation","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civilian-protection","display_name":"civilian protection","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/armed-conflict","display_name":"armed conflict","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778638182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414937","display_name":"Combatant","level":2,"score":0.9117882251739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780871342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7883752","display_name":"Underpinning","level":2,"score":0.6062732934951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5310806632041931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4635087549686432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4481012523174286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.4440557062625885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4064825177192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.40579041838645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/15027570.2010.510863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2010.510863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2010.510863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129533909","display_name":"Journal of Military Ethics","issn_l":"1502-7570","issn":["1502-7570","1502-7589"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Military Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113773536","https://openalex.org/W228213223","https://openalex.org/W235806518","https://openalex.org/W345440320","https://openalex.org/W378125342","https://openalex.org/W769093357","https://openalex.org/W1508766003","https://openalex.org/W1521383224","https://openalex.org/W1523990979","https://openalex.org/W1967541354","https://openalex.org/W1975117299","https://openalex.org/W1979549224","https://openalex.org/W2003879332","https://openalex.org/W2010861528","https://openalex.org/W2014334248","https://openalex.org/W2016501463","https://openalex.org/W2028575454","https://openalex.org/W2035250582","https://openalex.org/W2053808189","https://openalex.org/W2066030100","https://openalex.org/W2069420890","https://openalex.org/W2082930724","https://openalex.org/W2083864172","https://openalex.org/W2089981315","https://openalex.org/W2117126669","https://openalex.org/W2132454828","https://openalex.org/W2141022540","https://openalex.org/W2141182068","https://openalex.org/W2495378977","https://openalex.org/W2618750442","https://openalex.org/W2725009524","https://openalex.org/W2886727767","https://openalex.org/W4238601706","https://openalex.org/W4242625506","https://openalex.org/W4245579945","https://openalex.org/W4392670480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2567207112","https://openalex.org/W3004285580","https://openalex.org/W4396808879","https://openalex.org/W2128948217","https://openalex.org/W2514012677","https://openalex.org/W2066030100","https://openalex.org/W2489556875","https://openalex.org/W4242106232","https://openalex.org/W4283326790","https://openalex.org/W4250033477"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"International":[0],"law":[1],"codifies":[2],"the":[3,44,131],"principle":[4,19,45],"of":[5,20,30,43,46,54,77,120],"non-combatant":[6,21,47],"immunity,":[7],"which":[8],"traces":[9],"its":[10],"origins":[11],"to":[12,25,96,103],"a":[13,27,109],"religiously":[14],"supported":[15],"moral":[16],"imperative.":[17],"The":[18],"immunity":[22,48],"has":[23],"evolved":[24],"become":[26],"crucial":[28],"underpinning":[29],"just":[31],"war":[32],"theory.":[33],"Western":[34],"societal":[35],"norms":[36],"have":[37],"complicated":[38],"our":[39],"understanding":[40],"and":[41,56,67,74,127,130,134],"application":[42],"by":[49],"depicting":[50],"combatancy":[51,121],"in":[52,80,83,124],"terms":[53],"innocence":[55],"guilt:":[57],"those":[58],"viewed":[59],"as":[60],"innocent":[61],"deserve":[62],"legal":[63,90,114],"protection.":[64],"Child":[65],"soldiers":[66],"female":[68],"suicide":[69],"bombers":[70],"exemplify":[71],"today's":[72],"complex":[73],"expanding":[75],"parameters":[76],"combat.":[78],"Consequently,":[79],"practice,":[81],"authorities":[82],"conflict":[84],"zones":[85],"cannot":[86],"rely":[87],"on":[88],"existing":[89,113],"distinctions;":[91],"instead,":[92],"they":[93],"are":[94,122],"forced":[95],"make":[97],"subjective":[98],"judgements":[99],"when":[100],"deciding":[101],"whom":[102],"protect.":[104],"This":[105],"article":[106],"calls":[107],"for":[108],"critical":[110],"evaluation":[111],"of:":[112],"definitions":[115],"concerning":[116],"non-combatants;":[117],"how":[118],"conceptions":[119],"applied":[123],"protective":[125],"policy":[126,135],"humanitarian":[128],"evacuation;":[129],"resulting":[132],"consequences":[133],"implications.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}