{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017648784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2118/38744-ms","title":"Efficient Upscaling from Cores to Simulation Models","display_name":"Efficient Upscaling from Cores to Simulation Models","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017648784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2118/38744-ms","mag":"2017648784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2118/38744-ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2118/38744-ms","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2118/38744-ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306530599","display_name":"SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075482231","display_name":"Arvind Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2264-8743","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2264-8743"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schlumberger GeoQuest"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schlumberger GeoQuest","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009838698","display_name":"Chris L. Farmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3783-495X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3783-495X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.L. Farmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schlumberger GeoQuest"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schlumberger GeoQuest","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002336164","display_name":"Gary Russell Jerauld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-1779","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-1779"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.R. Jerauld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arco Exploration & Production Technology","Arco Exploration and Production Technology#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arco Exploration & Production Technology","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arco Exploration and Production Technology#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067062597","display_name":"D. Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mobil E&P Technical Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobil E&P Technical Center","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5354,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95432692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12100","display_name":"Advanced Mathematical Modeling in Engineering","score":0.7598000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12100","display_name":"Advanced Mathematical Modeling in Engineering","score":0.7598000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11801","display_name":"Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods","score":0.17910000681877136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10491","display_name":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","score":0.02199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upscaling","display_name":"upscaling","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-models","display_name":"hierarchical models","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-permeability","display_name":"relative permeability","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-dependence","display_name":"rate dependence","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-phase-flow","display_name":"two-phase flow","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/method-of-averaging","display_name":"averaging method","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-medium-properties","display_name":"effective medium properties","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rock-types","display_name":"rock types","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-wet-rocks","display_name":"mixed-wet rocks","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-reservoirs","display_name":"heterogeneous reservoirs","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petrophysical-properties","display_name":"petrophysical properties","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permeability","display_name":"permeability","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandstone-reservoirs","display_name":"sandstone reservoirs","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geostatistical-models","display_name":"geostatistical models","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservoir-simulation","display_name":"reservoir simulation","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgrid-variability","display_name":"subgrid-scale variability","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymptotic-approximation","display_name":"asymptotic approximation","score":0.6100000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6106897592544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778668878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6380338","display_name":"Reservoir simulation","level":2,"score":0.6029598712921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113378726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310797","display_name":"Relative permeability","level":3,"score":0.5895622372627258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5812385678291321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5786541700363159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120882062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352","display_name":"Permeability (electromagnetism)","level":3,"score":0.5482407808303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.46788352727890015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152588345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6498959","display_name":"Scale model","level":2,"score":0.46192166209220886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.44164055585861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43569329380989075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27689212560653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.1911902129650116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18958407640457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15713104605674744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12598586082458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0962086021900177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2118/38744-ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2118/38744-ms","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2118/38744-ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306530599","display_name":"SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2523/38744-ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2523/38744-ms","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2523/38744-ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306530599","display_name":"SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050351337","https://openalex.org/W2053689631","https://openalex.org/W4251896235","https://openalex.org/W1991042706","https://openalex.org/W2745027852","https://openalex.org/W2089209274","https://openalex.org/W2073819036","https://openalex.org/W2080190633","https://openalex.org/W2087466169","https://openalex.org/W3099749206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Upscaling":[1],"is":[2,10,117,133,166,233,259,276,285,377,476],"necessary":[3],"because":[4,121],"important":[5],"information":[6],"about":[7],"the":[8,18,21,44,81,99,110,123,163,185,215,223,249,262,265,269,279,282,297,301,312,339,381,384,388,399,433,441,455,471],"reservoir":[9,22,78,111,373,461],"obtained":[11],"on":[12,80,214],"scales":[13],"that":[14,67,192,343],"are":[15,201,243,272,319,392,425],"finer":[16],"than":[17],"gridblocks":[19,170],"of":[20,37,46,102,109,113,122,140,159,230,241,256,281,314,324,351,390,411,454,473],"simulation.":[23,103,247],"This":[24,104,116,274,446],"paper":[25,447],"has":[26,448],"three":[27,449],"themes":[28],"addressing":[29],"issues":[30,456],"in":[31,211,219,311,362,383,458],"efficient":[32],"upscaling:":[33],"-":[34],"An":[35],"overview":[36,453],"simulation":[38,386],"model":[39,79,284,462],"building":[40,459],"and":[41,58,126,154,175,189,198,207,268,316,330,349,369,401,413,421],"hierarchical":[42,136],"modeling.\u2013Assessing":[43],"effectiveness":[45,323],"simple":[47],"averaging":[48,325],"methods":[49],"over":[50],"direct":[51],"pressure":[52],"solution":[53],"upscaling":[54,62,155,353,405],"techniques":[55,326],"for":[56,64,69,98,338,394],"single-":[57],"two-phase":[59,352],"flow.\u2013A":[60],"fast":[61],"method":[63],"relative":[65,199,406],"permeability":[66,197,200],"accounts":[68],"rate":[70],"dependence.":[71],"In":[72],"theory,":[73],"one":[74,88],"could":[75],"construct":[76,135],"a":[77,95,107,226,252,305,363,408,438,460],"core-plug":[82],"scale.":[83],"To":[84,397],"use":[85],"this":[86,93,204,288],"model,":[87,387],"would":[89,105],"need":[90],"to":[91,94,134,144,167,184,333,371,378,431,436],"upscale":[92],"scale":[96,267,280,472],"suitable":[97],"various":[100],"types":[101,232,258,263],"produce":[106],"representation":[108],"properties":[112,210,240,271,295,361,382],"each":[114,290],"gridblock.":[115],"not":[118],"feasible,":[119],"however,":[120],"huge":[124],"memory":[125],"processing":[127,315],"requirements.":[128],"The":[129,138,156,237,322,346,375],"proposed":[130],"solution,":[131],"then,":[132],"models.":[137],"translation":[139],"fine-scale":[141,187],"geostatistical":[142],"models":[143,149,469],"more":[145],"coarsely":[146],"gridded":[147],"flow":[148,385],"involves":[150],"two":[151],"steps:":[152],"gridding":[153],"procedure":[157],"consists":[158],"(1)":[160],"upgridding,":[161],"where":[162],"main":[164],"emphasis":[165],"obtain":[168],"coarse-level":[169],"with":[171,427,467],"minimum":[172],"subgrid":[173],"variability":[174,188],"maximum":[176],"population":[177],"variability,":[178],"i.e.,":[179],"as":[180,182],"close":[181],"possible":[183],"underlying":[186],"(2)":[190],"upscaling,":[191],"incorporates":[193],"small-scale":[194],"structure":[195],"(e.g.,":[196],"measured":[202],"at":[203,218,222,264,470],"fine":[205],"scale)":[206],"obtains":[208],"effective":[209,238],"multiple":[212],"steps":[213],"grid":[216],"arrived":[217],"(1).":[220],"Starting":[221],"core":[224],"scale,":[225,251,289],"relatively":[227,253],"small":[228,254],"number":[229,255],"rock":[231,257,307,368],"constructed":[234,260],"from":[235,261,296],"core.":[236],"medium":[239],"these":[242],"determined":[244],"by":[245,357,463],"numerical":[246,414],"At":[248,287],"next":[250],"smaller":[266],"upscaled":[270],"calculated.":[273],"process":[275],"repeated":[277],"until":[278],"geological":[283,468],"reached.":[286],"block":[291],"can":[292],"have":[293,304,354],"different":[294],"other":[298],"blocks,":[299],"but":[300],"blocks":[302],"still":[303],"well-defined":[306],"type.":[308],"Orders-of-magnitude":[309],"reduction":[310],"amount":[313],"storage":[317],"required":[318,403],"thus":[320],"gained.":[321],"was":[327,331],"also":[328],"examined":[329],"found":[332],"closely":[334],"match":[335],"direct-":[336],"pressure-solution":[337],"unfractured":[340],"sandstone":[341],"reservoirs":[342],"were":[344,416],"studied.":[345],"robustness,":[347],"accuracy,":[348],"speed":[350,400],"been":[355],"tested":[356],"scaling":[358],"up":[359],"petrophysical":[360],"spatially":[364],"periodic,":[365],"mixed-wet,":[366],"heterogeneous":[367],"applied":[370],"realistic":[372],"descriptions.":[374],"aim":[376],"accurately":[379],"represent":[380],"results":[389],"which":[391],"used":[393],"economic":[395],"decisions.":[396],"gain":[398],"accuracy":[402],"when":[404],"permeability,":[407],"balanced":[409],"set":[410],"analytical":[412],"approximations":[415],"used.":[417],"Inexpensive":[418],"asymptotic":[419],"low-":[420],"high-rate":[422],"3-D":[423,434],"calculations":[424,430,435],"combined":[426],"rate-dependent":[428],"1-D":[429],"interpolate":[432],"form":[437],"new":[439],"method:":[440],"aw":[442],"method.":[443],"1.0":[444],"Introduction":[445],"themes.":[450],"First,":[451],"an":[452],"involved":[457],"integrating":[464],"core-level":[465],"data":[466],"several":[474],"meters":[475],"given.":[477],"P.":[478],"257^":[479]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
