{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017515056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.278","title":"Through a narrow window: Sample size and the perception of correlation.","display_name":"Through a narrow window: Sample size and the perception of correlation.","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017515056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.278","mag":"2017515056"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62013203","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology General","issn_l":"0096-3445","issn":["0096-3445","1939-2222"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009914424","display_name":"Yaakov Kareev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9646-4720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9646-4720"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaakov Kareev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebrew U of Jerusalem, School of Education, Goldie Rotman Ctr for Cognitive Science & Education, Jerusalem, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebrew U of Jerusalem, School of Education, Goldie Rotman Ctr for Cognitive Science & Education, Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083928336","display_name":"Iris Lieberman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iris Lieberman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084364399","display_name":"Miri Lev","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miri Lev","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6946,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":177,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81345178,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"126","issue":"3","first_page":"278","last_page":"287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9243000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9243000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.014800000004470348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size","display_name":"sample size","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skewness","display_name":"skewness","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory-capacity","display_name":"working memory capacity","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prediction-accuracy","display_name":"prediction accuracy","score":0.6660000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6530173420906067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5641469955444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.5599246025085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5427193641662598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.5229747295379639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.47760865092277527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3963344395160675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3717280328273773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2779060900211334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21895107626914978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.10301193594932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.06898766756057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62013203","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology General","issn_l":"0096-3445","issn":["0096-3445","1939-2222"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0096-3445.126.3.278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.126.3.278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.126.3.278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62013203","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology General","issn_l":"0096-3445","issn":["0096-3445","1939-2222"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526709407","https://openalex.org/W2068984932","https://openalex.org/W2801118113"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2625533965","https://openalex.org/W2061602697","https://openalex.org/W2601367191","https://openalex.org/W2017651029","https://openalex.org/W1966663376","https://openalex.org/W2585983633","https://openalex.org/W2073223638","https://openalex.org/W2021995844","https://openalex.org/W2045370954","https://openalex.org/W2767238759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"theoretical":[1],"analysis":[2],"(Y.":[3],"Kareev,":[4],"1995b)":[5],"of":[6,10,20,31,66,80,91,110,115],"the":[7,14,18,28,38,44,46,49,51,75,78,89,92,105,108,123,145],"sampling":[8],"distribution":[9,39,52],"correlations":[11],"led":[12],"to":[13,97],"surprising":[15],"conclusion":[16,131],"that":[17,60],"use":[19],"small":[21],"samples":[22,93,114],"has":[23],"a":[24,32],"potential":[25],"advantage":[26],"for":[27],"early":[29],"detection":[30],"correlation.":[33],"This":[34,55],"is":[35,40,53],"so":[36],"because":[37],"highly":[41],"skewed,":[42],"and":[43,150],"smaller":[45,141],"sample":[47],"size,":[48],"more":[50,148,152],"skewed.":[54],"article":[56],"describes":[57],"2":[58,101],"experiments":[59],"were":[61,95,151],"designed":[62],"as":[63,147],"empirical":[64],"tests":[65],"this":[67],"conclusion.":[68],"In":[69,99,133],"Experiment":[70,100],"1":[71],"(N":[72,102],"=":[73,103],"112),":[74],"authors":[76,106],"compared":[77,107],"predictions":[79,109],"participants":[81,111,136],"differing":[82],"in":[83,88,154],"their":[84,155],"working-memory":[85],"capacity":[86,139],"(hence":[87],"size":[90,119],"they":[94],"likely":[96],"consider).":[98],"144),":[104],"who":[112],"viewed":[113],"different":[116],"sizes,":[117],"whose":[118],"was":[120],"determined":[121],"by":[122],"authors.":[124],"The":[125],"results":[126],"fully":[127],"supported":[128],"Y.":[129],"Kareev's":[130],":":[132],"both":[134],"experiments,":[135],"with":[137],"lower":[138],"(or":[140],"samples)":[142],"indeed":[143],"perceived":[144],"correlation":[146],"extreme":[149],"accurate":[153],"predictions.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
