{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017505298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","title":"Trend in Annual Risk of Tuberculous Infection in North India","display_name":"Trend in Annual Risk of Tuberculous Infection in North India","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017505298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","mag":"2017505298","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23300568","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3530511"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051854&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051854&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112189065","display_name":"Kamal Kishore Chopra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3306-5129","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3306-5129"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160788","display_name":"New Delhi Tuberculosis Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04spw8212","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160788"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kamal Chopra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Director's Office, New Delhi Tuberculosis Center, New Delhi, India. chopra_drkk@yahoo.co.in","Director's Office, New Delhi Tuberculosis Center, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director's Office, New Delhi Tuberculosis Center, New Delhi, India. chopra_drkk@yahoo.co.in","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160788"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director's Office, New Delhi Tuberculosis Center, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075858666","display_name":"Vineet Kumar Chadha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4457-4842","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4457-4842"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285815856","display_name":"National Tuberculosis Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01vzd5j10","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285815856"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vineet K. Chadha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285815856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014737794","display_name":"Jitendra Ramachandra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285815856","display_name":"National Tuberculosis Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01vzd5j10","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285815856"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jitendra Ramachandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["HRD Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HRD Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285815856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033935411","display_name":"Nishi Aggarwal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160788","display_name":"New Delhi Tuberculosis Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04spw8212","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160788"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishi Aggarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics Department, New Delhi Tuberculosis Center, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics Department, New Delhi Tuberculosis Center, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160788"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112189065"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160788"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":0.2231,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55212296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"12","first_page":"e51854","last_page":"e51854"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13586","display_name":"HIV, TB, and STIs Epidemiology","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12578","display_name":"Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-infection","display_name":"tuberculosis infection","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-tuberculosis","display_name":"pediatric tuberculosis","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculin-skin-test","display_name":"tuberculin skin test","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/induration","display_name":"induration","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence-estimation","display_name":"prevalence estimation","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-trends","display_name":"temporal trends","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-india","display_name":"North India","score":0.7129999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.7799451351165771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5597784519195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5472298860549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776272983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7336291","display_name":"Risk of infection","level":2,"score":0.4215199649333954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.33723360300064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.17248237133026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0936582088470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001500","descriptor_name":"BCG Vaccine","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007194","descriptor_name":"India","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009169","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000472","qualifier_name":"pathogenicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011159","descriptor_name":"Population Surveillance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051854&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23300568","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23300568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3530511","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530511/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd643733e56a4cefbeccfb0797fafe9d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd643733e56a4cefbeccfb0797fafe9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 12, p e51854 (2012)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051854","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051854&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9922999739646912,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324333","display_name":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","ror":"https://ror.org/04pqetg36"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2017505298.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2017505298.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27260606","https://openalex.org/W60113863","https://openalex.org/W104411884","https://openalex.org/W1479686622","https://openalex.org/W1537954158","https://openalex.org/W1574381360","https://openalex.org/W1982544227","https://openalex.org/W2159002874","https://openalex.org/W2221153673","https://openalex.org/W2413822258","https://openalex.org/W6601103086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091580746","https://openalex.org/W7045162926","https://openalex.org/W1479686622","https://openalex.org/W2139333465","https://openalex.org/W1537954158","https://openalex.org/W156515081","https://openalex.org/W1517110024","https://openalex.org/W6981637555","https://openalex.org/W6989401528","https://openalex.org/W1913366760"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SETTING:":[0],"Six":[1],"selected":[2],"districts":[3],"in":[4,13,20,57,115],"Northern":[5],"India.":[6,22],"OBJECTIVES:":[7],"To":[8],"find":[9],"out":[10,131],"the":[11,67,101,108,116],"trend":[12],"Annual":[14],"risk":[15,117],"of":[16,27,40,44,53,70,103,118,128,135],"tuberculous":[17,119],"infection":[18,71,120],"(ARTI)":[19],"north":[21],"STUDY":[23],"DESIGN:":[24],"Two":[25],"rounds":[26,127],"community":[28],"level":[29],"surveys":[30,129],"were":[31,46],"conducted":[32],"during":[33,107],"2000-2001":[34],"and":[35,49,75],"2009-10":[36],"respectively.":[37],"Representative":[38],"samples":[39],"children":[41,122],"1-9":[42],"years":[43],"age":[45],"tuberculin":[47],"tested":[48],"maximum":[50],"transverse":[51],"diameter":[52],"induration":[54],"was":[55,64,80,123],"recorded":[56],"mm":[58],"at":[59,89,97,100,132],"about":[60,136],"72":[61],"hours.":[62],"ARTI":[63,79],"computed":[65],"from":[66,84],"estimated":[68],"Prevalence":[69],"using":[72],"mirror-image":[73],"technique":[74],"anti-mode":[76],"method.":[77],"RESULTS:":[78],"found":[81],"to":[82,92],"decline":[83],"1.9%":[85],"(confidence":[86,94],"interval:":[87,95],"1.7-2.1)":[88],"round":[90,98],"I":[91],"1.1%":[93],"0.8-1.3)":[96],"II":[99],"rate":[102],"8%":[104],"per":[105],"year":[106],"intervening":[109],"period.":[110],"CONCLUSION:":[111],"A":[112],"significant":[113],"reduction":[114],"among":[121],"observed":[124],"between":[125],"two":[126],"carried":[130],"an":[133],"interval":[134],"9":[137],"years.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
