{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017479519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","title":"Arabic test types. For the determination of visual acuity.","display_name":"Arabic test types. For the determination of visual acuity.","publication_year":1968,"publication_date":"1968-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017479519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","mag":"2017479519","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5665951","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/506629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","pdf_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/52/6/489.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/52/6/489.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109079500","display_name":"M.H. Emarah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M H Emarah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109079500"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11332801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"6","first_page":"489","last_page":"491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.011300000362098217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-acuity","display_name":"visual acuity","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snellen-chart","display_name":"Snellen chart","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optotypes","display_name":"optotypes","score":0.9900000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8416406512260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778257484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555066","display_name":"Visual acuity","level":2,"score":0.6669597625732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.6508437991142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6120857000350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.6041357517242432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.4711317718029022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36014485359191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.13739201426506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.09238466620445251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004534","descriptor_name":"Egypt","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012029","descriptor_name":"Refraction, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012030","descriptor_name":"Refractive Errors","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014787","descriptor_name":"Vision Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014956","descriptor_name":"Writing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","pdf_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/52/6/489.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:976335","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/506629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:506629","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/506629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Br J Ophthalmol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:5665951","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5665951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British journal of ophthalmology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.52.6.489","pdf_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/52/6/489.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2017479519.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2017479519.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011382219","https://openalex.org/W2081549899","https://openalex.org/W6831976406"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067915090","https://openalex.org/W2161791762","https://openalex.org/W4243713340","https://openalex.org/W1970380181","https://openalex.org/W4253477288","https://openalex.org/W2566525555","https://openalex.org/W2028405727","https://openalex.org/W1972009312","https://openalex.org/W2415802530","https://openalex.org/W3015057280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"VISUAL":[0],"acuity":[1,31,55,89,138],"is":[2,12,20,32,56,70,74,103,106,130,149],"determined":[3,92],"by":[4,93,159],"the":[5,10,25,53,60,68,77,81,84,87,111,115,137,141,155,160,165,175,191,209],"smallest":[6],"angle":[7,41,157],"at":[8],"which":[9,62,79],"eye":[11,82],"able":[13],"to":[14,24,34,36,59,76,108,119],"distinguish":[15],"two":[16,64,85,96,116],"points":[17,65,97,117],"as":[18],"separate.It":[19],"therefore":[21,150],"inversely":[22,57],"proportional":[23,58,75],"minimum":[26,39],"visual":[27,30,40,54,88,128,156,178],"angle.The":[28],"normal":[29],"found":[33],"correspond":[35],"an":[37],"average":[38],"of":[42,95,139,154,164,177,190],"one":[43,49],"minute.Thus":[44],"with":[45,98],"relatively":[46],"small":[47],"angles":[48],"may":[50],"say":[51],"that":[52,72,134,188],"space":[61,69],"separates":[63,80],"or,":[66],"when":[67,114],"constant,":[71],"it":[73,105],"distance":[78,101,192],"from":[83],"points.However,":[86],"cannot":[90],"be":[91,120,145],"means":[94],"a":[99,126,183],"variable":[100],"alone.This":[102],"because":[104],"difficult":[107],"reckon":[109],"precisely":[110],"exact":[112],"moment":[113],"cease":[118],"seen":[121],"separately":[122],"and":[123,185],"blend":[124],"into":[125,174],"single":[127],"impression.It":[129],"for":[131,135],"this":[132],"reason":[133],"examining":[136],"vision":[140],"test":[142,166,193],"objects":[143],"must":[144],"slightly":[146],"compli-":[147],"cated.Acuity":[148],"measured":[151],"in":[152,195],"terms":[153],"subtended":[158],"con-":[161],"stituent":[162],"parts":[163],"object.In":[167],"1862,":[168],"Snellen":[169],"introduced":[170],"some":[171],"scientific":[172],"standardization":[173],"measurement":[176],"acuity.His":[179],"optotypes":[180,205],"achieved":[181],"such":[182],"wide":[184],"rapid":[186],"success":[187],"most":[189],"types":[194],"clinical":[196],"use":[197],"to-day":[198],"are":[199,206],"modelled":[200],"on":[201,208],"Snellen's":[202],"original":[203],"chart.These":[204],"based":[207],"following":[210],"principle:":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}