{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017332348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02684.x","title":"Why children start smoking cigarettes: predictors of onset","display_name":"Why children start smoking cigarettes: predictors of onset","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017332348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02684.x","mag":"2017332348","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1490085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02684.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02684.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02684.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197271","display_name":"British Journal of Addiction","issn_l":"0952-0481","issn":["0952-0481","2056-5178"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Addiction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112446763","display_name":"Karen M. Conrad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"KAREN M. CONRAD","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007384653","display_name":"Brian R. Flay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5209-2766","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5209-2766"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"BRIAN R. FLAY","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prevention Research Center, University of Illinois at Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prevention Research Center, University of Illinois at Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"DAVID HILL","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DAVID HILL","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Behavioral Research in Cancer, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Behavioral Research in Cancer, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112446763"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":870,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9689572,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"87","issue":"12","first_page":"1711","last_page":"1724"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cigarette-smoking","display_name":"cigarette smoking","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-influence","display_name":"peer influence","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-connectedness","display_name":"school connectedness","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-bonding","display_name":"family bonding","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-learning-theory","display_name":"social learning theory","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-approval","display_name":"peer approval","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-smoking","display_name":"parental smoking","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-efficacy","display_name":"self-efficacy","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-intention","display_name":"smoking intention","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-esteem","display_name":"self-esteem","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-differences","display_name":"ethnic differences","score":0.6959999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.7472577095031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6361937522888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.5388315320014954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778087770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297111","display_name":"Social support","level":2,"score":0.5209328532218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128593788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194193","display_name":"Peer group","level":2,"score":0.511102020740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.4870874881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4591178297996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.43982958793640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777843972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2462253","display_name":"Smoking cessation","level":2,"score":0.41302207112312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.40753164887428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4013248085975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.33119305968284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3127121925354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.16895723342895508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.11728045344352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005190","descriptor_name":"Family","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008137","descriptor_name":"Longitudinal Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010379","descriptor_name":"Peer Group","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011379","descriptor_name":"Prognosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012931","descriptor_name":"Social Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02684.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02684.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02684.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197271","display_name":"British Journal of Addiction","issn_l":"0952-0481","issn":["0952-0481","2056-5178"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Addiction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1490085","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1490085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British journal of addiction","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G33156132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CA 34622","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3998350683","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DA86037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G512781665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DA-03468","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6223329055","display_name":"COMPREHENSIVE SMOKING PREVENTION","funder_award_id":"7r01da003468-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6530037826","display_name":"TESTS OF APPROACHES OF COMPREHENSIVE SMOKING PREVENTION","funder_award_id":"5r18ca034622-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332697","display_name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81904165","https://openalex.org/W380857382","https://openalex.org/W579320097","https://openalex.org/W1966388965","https://openalex.org/W1968807366","https://openalex.org/W1970972588","https://openalex.org/W1973393425","https://openalex.org/W1973707612","https://openalex.org/W1976501219","https://openalex.org/W1977012548","https://openalex.org/W1979834538","https://openalex.org/W1983236125","https://openalex.org/W1985913516","https://openalex.org/W1994568951","https://openalex.org/W2029235373","https://openalex.org/W2032934179","https://openalex.org/W2041131891","https://openalex.org/W2048591495","https://openalex.org/W2052124375","https://openalex.org/W2054489140","https://openalex.org/W2062671953","https://openalex.org/W2063895102","https://openalex.org/W2068520745","https://openalex.org/W2071518258","https://openalex.org/W2071760321","https://openalex.org/W2073263769","https://openalex.org/W2076796810","https://openalex.org/W2082450485","https://openalex.org/W2083753937","https://openalex.org/W2092005515","https://openalex.org/W2095038112","https://openalex.org/W2110361243","https://openalex.org/W2118614408","https://openalex.org/W2135433798","https://openalex.org/W2155648052","https://openalex.org/W2325290701","https://openalex.org/W2327320711","https://openalex.org/W2328348281","https://openalex.org/W2426565371","https://openalex.org/W2435133538","https://openalex.org/W2464516790","https://openalex.org/W3022656955","https://openalex.org/W4229842033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2359833645","https://openalex.org/W4237057238","https://openalex.org/W2150248124","https://openalex.org/W594245363","https://openalex.org/W2029235373","https://openalex.org/W2092005515","https://openalex.org/W1967429232","https://openalex.org/W2102919743","https://openalex.org/W2029845641","https://openalex.org/W6959807235"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"review":[1],"findings":[2],"from":[3,38,116,119,122,168],"27":[4,164],"prospective":[5,246],"studies":[6,165,247,298],"of":[7,10,19,21,28,35,128,154,177,206,228,233,254,261,281,286,302],"the":[8,112,163,175,226,231,270,282],"onset":[9,23,36],"cigarette":[11,292],"smoking":[12,22,85,98,305],"conducted":[13],"since":[14],"1980.":[15],"Almost":[16],"300":[17],"measures":[18,253],"predictors":[20,34,180,285],"were":[24,46,151],"examined,":[25],"and":[26,40,70,86,90,99,109,124,181,192,241,257,264,299],"74%":[27],"them":[29,155],"provided":[30],"multivariate":[31],"support":[32,75,95,207],"for":[33,49,76,96],"derived":[37],"theory":[39],"previous":[41],"empirical":[42],"findings.":[43],"Expected":[44],"relationships":[45],"strongly":[47],"supported":[48],"(a)":[50],"socioeconomic":[51],"status,":[52],"with":[53,55,73,92,111,160],"students":[54],"compromised":[56],"status":[57],"being":[58],"more":[59,279],"likely":[60],"to":[61,156,217,238,249,269,288],"try":[62],"smoking;":[63],"(b)":[64],"social":[65,80],"bonding":[66,191],"variables,":[67,82],"particularly":[68],"peer":[69,84],"school":[71],"bonding,":[72],"less":[74,93],"family":[77,189],"bonding;":[78],"(c)":[79],"learning":[81],"especially":[83],"approval,":[87],"prevalence":[88],"estimates,":[89],"offers/availability,":[91],"consistent":[94],"parent":[97],"approval;":[100],"(d)":[101],"refusal":[102],"skills":[103],"self":[104],"efficacy;":[105],"(e)":[106],"knowledge,":[107],"attitudes":[108,120],"intentions,":[110],"expected":[113],"stronger":[114],"predictions":[115],"intentions":[117],"than":[118,121],"knowledge;":[123],"(f)":[125],"broad":[126],"indicators":[127],"self-esteem.":[129],"The":[130],"few":[131,153,243],"investigators":[132],"who":[133],"analyzed":[134],"their":[135],"data":[136],"separately":[137],"by":[138,146],"age,":[139],"gender,":[140],"or":[141,230,235,272,290],"ethnicity":[142],"found":[143],"many":[144,178],"differences":[145],"these":[147],"factors,":[148],"though":[149],"there":[150],"too":[152,242],"detect":[157],"any":[158],"pattern":[159],"confidence.":[161],"Though":[162],"are":[166],"far":[167],"perfect,":[169],"we":[170,277],"believe":[171],"that":[172],"they":[173],"confirm":[174],"importance":[176],"well-accepted":[179],"raise":[182],"some":[183],"questions":[184],"about":[185],"others.":[186],"In":[187],"particular,":[188],"smoking,":[190],"approval":[193],"each":[194],"received":[195],"unexpectedly":[196],"low":[197],"support.":[198],"It":[199],"is":[200,215,236],"not":[201],"clear":[202],"whether":[203],"this":[204],"lack":[205],"reflects":[208,221],"reality":[209],"as":[210],"it":[211],"has":[212],"always":[213],"been,":[214],"due":[216,237],"a":[218],"changing":[219],"reality,":[220],"developmental":[222],"changes,":[223],"either":[224],"in":[225,304],"age":[227],"subjects":[229],"stage":[232],"onset,":[234],"poor":[239],"measurement":[240,301],"tests.":[244],"Future":[245],"need":[248],"be":[250],"theory-driven,":[251],"use":[252,265],"known":[255],"reliability":[256],"validity,":[258],"report":[259],"analyses":[260],"scale":[262],"properties,":[263],"statistical":[266],"methods":[267],"appropriate":[268],"hypotheses":[271],"theories":[273],"under":[274],"study.":[275],"Finally,":[276],"encourage":[278],"investigations":[280],"potentially":[283],"different":[284],"transitions":[287],"experimental":[289],"regular":[291],"smoking.":[293],"This":[294],"will":[295],"require":[296],"multi-wave":[297],"careful":[300],"changes":[303],"behavior.":[306]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":31}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
