{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017283547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","title":"The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages","display_name":"The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017283547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","mag":"2017283547","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14509111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","pdf_url":"https://curationis.org.za/index.php/curationis/article/download/806/743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755316168","display_name":"Curationis","issn_l":"0379-8577","issn":["0379-8577","2223-6279"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dhet","doaj","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315322","host_organization_name":"AOSIS","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AOSIS"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Curationis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://curationis.org.za/index.php/curationis/article/download/806/743","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018949050","display_name":"Louise C. Cilliers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Cilliers","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Free State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Free State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080319894","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Retief","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7164-9593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7164-9593"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F.P. Retief","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCT, South Africa & Oxford, Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCT, South Africa & Oxford, Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":12465,"currency":"ZAR","value_usd":677},"apc_paid":{"value":12465,"currency":"ZAR","value_usd":677},"fwci":7.1025,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96069869,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"60","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12324","display_name":"History of Medicine Studies","score":0.6646000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12324","display_name":"History of Medicine Studies","score":0.6646000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.2451000064611435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.04259999841451645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-hospitals","display_name":"hospital history","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesopotamia","display_name":"Mesopotamia","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancient-india","display_name":"ancient India","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graeco-roman-medicine","display_name":"Graeco-Roman medicine","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-hospitals","display_name":"military hospitals","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabiola","display_name":"Fabiola","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benedictine-order","display_name":"Benedictine Order","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leprosarium","display_name":"leprosaria","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-hospitals","display_name":"public hospitals","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-golden-age","display_name":"Islamic Golden Age","score":0.6700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.6650851964950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143128703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12554","display_name":"Middle Ages","level":2,"score":0.6455520987510681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75699723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748","display_name":"Buddhism","level":2,"score":0.6200414299964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85064482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11767","display_name":"Mesopotamia","level":2,"score":0.6161498427391052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3651065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7204","display_name":"Middle East","level":2,"score":0.5457987785339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779627614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2309992","display_name":"Bishops","level":2,"score":0.5353643894195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5120263695716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.4851852059364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3488359749317169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.18140307068824768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14518409967422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13063311576843262}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002835","descriptor_name":"Christianity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006761","descriptor_name":"Hospitals","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007514","descriptor_name":"Islam","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049668","descriptor_name":"History, 15th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049690","descriptor_name":"History, Ancient","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049691","descriptor_name":"History, Medieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049692","descriptor_name":"History, Early Modern 1451-1600","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","pdf_url":"https://curationis.org.za/index.php/curationis/article/download/806/743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755316168","display_name":"Curationis","issn_l":"0379-8577","issn":["0379-8577","2223-6279"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dhet","doaj","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315322","host_organization_name":"AOSIS","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AOSIS"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Curationis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14509111","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14509111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Curationis","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f6b9bed3f1fa4c8ab7471f06a97d1bd9","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f6b9bed3f1fa4c8ab7471f06a97d1bd9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Curationis, Vol 25, Iss 4, Pp 60-66 (2002)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806","pdf_url":"https://curationis.org.za/index.php/curationis/article/download/806/743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755316168","display_name":"Curationis","issn_l":"0379-8577","issn":["0379-8577","2223-6279"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dhet","doaj","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315322","host_organization_name":"AOSIS","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AOSIS"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Curationis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2017283547.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2017283547.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55735516","https://openalex.org/W111765652","https://openalex.org/W133184341","https://openalex.org/W377335875","https://openalex.org/W410091453","https://openalex.org/W624137753","https://openalex.org/W1557377077","https://openalex.org/W1977319652","https://openalex.org/W2002002023","https://openalex.org/W2017199807","https://openalex.org/W2039972930","https://openalex.org/W2079554951","https://openalex.org/W2312383447","https://openalex.org/W2482782469","https://openalex.org/W2559965201","https://openalex.org/W2602675775","https://openalex.org/W2765814201","https://openalex.org/W2798515365","https://openalex.org/W4254912512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2792155455","https://openalex.org/W2130834099","https://openalex.org/W2337578432","https://openalex.org/W2102134674","https://openalex.org/W2895986966","https://openalex.org/W4389990539","https://openalex.org/W2093512181","https://openalex.org/W2056935987","https://openalex.org/W2061233810","https://openalex.org/W2617947510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"evolution":[1],"of":[2,16,23,48,60,93,100,107,124,166,182,208,242,252,298],"the":[3,14,17,21,24,40,46,51,56,80,83,91,94,97,101,105,111,116,122,137,145,158,167,173,180,183,205,209,214,220,231,240,243,256,261,279,295,300],"hospital":[4,95,216],"is":[5,28,77,171],"traced":[6],"from":[7],"its":[8,308],"onset":[9],"in":[10,35,67,82,96,103,110,204,219,314],"ancient":[11],"Mesopotamia":[12],"towards":[13],"end":[15,22],"2nd":[18],"millennium":[19],"to":[20,30,50,53,65,79,89,172,189,236,267],"Middle":[25,233,258],"Ages.":[26],"Reference":[27],"made":[29],"institutionalised":[31],"health":[32],"care":[33],"facilities":[34],"India":[36],"as":[37,39],"early":[38,232],"5th":[41],"century":[42,113,147,222],"BC,":[43,114],"and":[44,58,71,121,131,139,155,160,192,281],"with":[45,311],"spread":[47],"Buddhism":[49],"east,":[52],"nursing":[54],"facilities,":[55],"nature":[57],"function":[59],"which":[61,142],"are":[62],"not":[63,156,164],"known":[64],"us,":[66],"Sri":[68],"Lanka,":[69],"China":[70],"South":[72],"East":[73],"Asia.":[74],"Special":[75],"attention":[76],"paid":[78,119],"situation":[81],"Graeco-Roman":[84],"era:":[85],"one":[86,176],"would":[87],"expect":[88],"find":[90],"origin":[92,181],"modern":[98,168,184,206],"sense":[99,207],"word":[102],"Greece,":[104],"birthplace":[106],"rational":[108],"medicine":[109],"4th":[112,221],"but":[115,269],"Hippocratic":[117],"doctors":[118],"house-calls,":[120],"temples":[123],"Asclepius":[125],"were":[126,149,161,197,272],"visited":[127],"for":[128,151,157,179],"incubation":[129],"sleep":[130],"magico-religious":[132],"treatment.":[133],"In":[134,211,230],"Roman":[135],"times":[136],"military":[138],"slave":[140],"hospitals":[141,203,271,313],"existed":[143],"since":[144],"1st":[146],"AD,":[148],"built":[150,188,218],"a":[152,225],"specialized":[153],"group":[154],"public,":[159],"therefore":[162],"also":[163,273,289],"precursors":[165],"hospital.":[169,185],"It":[170],"Christians":[174],"that":[175],"must":[177],"turn":[178],"Hospices,":[186],"initially":[187],"shelter":[190],"pilgrims":[191],"messengers":[193],"between":[194],"various":[195,315],"bishops,":[196],"under":[198,239],"Christian":[199,309],"control":[200],"developed":[201],"into":[202],"word.":[210],"Rome":[212],"itself,":[213],"first":[215],"was":[217,303],"AD":[223],"by":[224,276],"wealthy":[226],"penitent":[227],"widow,":[228],"Fabiola.":[229],"Ages":[234,259],"(6th":[235],"10th":[237,262],"century),":[238],"influence":[241],"Benedictine":[244],"Order,":[245],"an":[246,249],"infirmary":[247],"became":[248],"established":[250],"part":[251],"every":[253],"monastery.":[254],"During":[255,294],"late":[257],"(beyond":[260],"century)":[263],"monastic":[264],"infirmaries":[265],"continued":[266],"expand,":[268],"public":[270],"opened,":[274],"financed":[275],"city":[277],"authorities,":[278],"church":[280],"private":[282],"sources.":[283],"Specialized":[284],"institutions,":[285],"like":[286],"leper":[287],"houses,":[288],"originated":[290],"at":[291],"this":[292],"time.":[293],"Golden":[296],"Age":[297],"Islam":[299],"Muslim":[301],"world":[302],"clearly":[304],"more":[305],"advanced":[306],"than":[307],"counterpart":[310],"magnificent":[312],"countries.":[316]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
