{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017162022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2012.2211378","title":"Penalized Likelihood PET Image Reconstruction Using Patch-Based Edge-Preserving Regularization","display_name":"Penalized Likelihood PET Image Reconstruction Using Patch-Based Edge-Preserving Regularization","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017162022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2012.2211378","mag":"2017162022","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22875244","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4080915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2012.2211378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2012.2211378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2012.2211378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4080915","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057150859","display_name":"Guobao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6526-1533","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6526-1533"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guobao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. gbwang@ucdavis.edu","Dept. of Biomed. Eng., Univ. of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. gbwang@ucdavis.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Biomed. Eng., Univ. of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010514255","display_name":"Jinyi Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5428-0322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5428-0322"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyi Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Davis, CA, USA","Dept. of Biomed. Eng., Univ. of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Biomed. Eng., Univ. of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":151,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97382634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"12","first_page":"2194","last_page":"2204"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.01119999960064888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pet-image-reconstruction","display_name":"PET image reconstruction","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penalized-maximum-likelihood-estimation","display_name":"penalized maximum likelihood estimation","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-preserving-regularization","display_name":"edge-preserving regularization","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"iterative reconstruction","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-smoothing","display_name":"image smoothing","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"image fusion","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast-recovery","display_name":"contrast recovery","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-object-detection","display_name":"small object detection","score":0.4729999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7304102778434753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7028374671936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.6973327994346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.6552267670631409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5012712478637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.46650025248527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.449399471282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4199610948562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3766672611236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34731268882751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.34019702672958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25105857849121094}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000882","descriptor_name":"Haplorhini","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009374","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms, Experimental","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049268","descriptor_name":"Positron-Emission Tomography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2012.2211378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2012.2211378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2012.2211378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22875244","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22875244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3057117","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4080915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4080915","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4080915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3057117","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4080915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1013472931","display_name":"California National Primate Research Center","funder_award_id":"P51RR000169","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4331661095","display_name":"Optimization of PET Imaging","funder_award_id":"R01EB000194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5332618050","display_name":"Neurobiological Mechanisms of Social Bonding in a Monogamous Primate","funder_award_id":"R01HD053555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","funder_display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332564","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00372qc85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337579","display_name":"California National Primate Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501672475","https://openalex.org/W1673090216","https://openalex.org/W1967581593","https://openalex.org/W1970820012","https://openalex.org/W2019248995","https://openalex.org/W2020999234","https://openalex.org/W2021594562","https://openalex.org/W2021942040","https://openalex.org/W2029109444","https://openalex.org/W2038649727","https://openalex.org/W2039284087","https://openalex.org/W2044469843","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2060945009","https://openalex.org/W2070792660","https://openalex.org/W2075369262","https://openalex.org/W2083793124","https://openalex.org/W2091494211","https://openalex.org/W2103559027","https://openalex.org/W2112575052","https://openalex.org/W2116013899","https://openalex.org/W2117214938","https://openalex.org/W2126922884","https://openalex.org/W2135850504","https://openalex.org/W2136396015","https://openalex.org/W2139600844","https://openalex.org/W2143026372","https://openalex.org/W2143601936","https://openalex.org/W2149306479","https://openalex.org/W2150289298","https://openalex.org/W2152956463","https://openalex.org/W2153694404","https://openalex.org/W2156612134","https://openalex.org/W2160463229","https://openalex.org/W2162978906","https://openalex.org/W2165399609","https://openalex.org/W2166887721","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2320596590","https://openalex.org/W2489822048","https://openalex.org/W6682341236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2143601936","https://openalex.org/W3109259988","https://openalex.org/W2102690751","https://openalex.org/W2036837878","https://openalex.org/W2125038200","https://openalex.org/W2008941052","https://openalex.org/W2111422394","https://openalex.org/W2766184650","https://openalex.org/W4206738464","https://openalex.org/W7095999868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Iterative":[0],"image":[1,10,18,76,138,141,146],"reconstruction":[2,77,174],"for":[3,74,118,161],"positron":[4],"emission":[5],"tomography":[6],"(PET)":[7],"can":[8,41,129,156],"improve":[9],"quality":[11],"by":[12],"using":[13],"spatial":[14],"regularization":[15,73,93,101,155,189],"that":[16,60,78,151],"penalizes":[17],"intensity":[19],"difference":[20],"between":[21],"neighboring":[22],"pixels.":[23],"The":[24,91,173,187],"most":[25],"commonly":[26],"used":[27],"quadratic":[28,171],"penalty":[29,66],"often":[30,45],"oversmoothes":[31],"edges":[32,43,105],"and":[33,51,143],"fine":[34],"features":[35],"in":[36,86,102,132],"reconstructed":[37],"images.":[38],"Nonquadratic":[39],"penalties":[40],"preserve":[42],"but":[44],"introduce":[46],"piece-wise":[47],"constant":[48],"blocky":[49],"artifacts":[50],"the":[52,58,62,65,88,98,119,127,152,170,180],"results":[53],"are":[54],"also":[55,176],"sensitive":[56],"to":[57,110,179,194],"hyper-parameter":[59,181],"controls":[61],"shape":[63],"of":[64,83,126],"function.":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69],"presents":[70],"a":[71,144],"patch-based":[72,154],"iterative":[75],"uses":[79],"neighborhood":[80],"patches":[81],"instead":[82],"individual":[84],"pixels":[85],"computing":[87],"nonquadratic":[89,185],"penalty.":[90],"new":[92],"is":[94,116,175],"more":[95,177],"robust":[96,178],"than":[97,182],"conventional":[99,183],"pixel-based":[100,184],"differentiating":[103],"sharp":[104],"from":[106],"random":[107],"fluctuations":[108],"due":[109],"noise.":[111],"An":[112],"optimization":[113],"transfer":[114],"algorithm":[115,128],"developed":[117],"penalized":[120],"maximum":[121],"likelihood":[122],"estimation.":[123],"Each":[124],"iteration":[125],"be":[130],"implemented":[131],"three":[133],"simple":[134],"steps:":[135],"an":[136,140],"EM-like":[137],"update,":[139],"smoothing":[142],"pixel-by-pixel":[145],"fusion.":[147],"Computer":[148],"simulations":[149],"show":[150],"proposed":[153,188],"achieve":[157],"higher":[158],"contrast":[159],"recovery":[160],"small":[162],"objects":[163],"without":[164],"increasing":[165],"background":[166],"variation":[167],"compared":[168],"with":[169],"regularization.":[172],"regularizations.":[186],"method":[190],"has":[191],"been":[192],"applied":[193],"real":[195],"3-D":[196],"PET":[197],"data.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}