{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017157367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230307476","title":"Progressivism Meets Jim Crow: Curriculum Revision and Development in Houston, Texas, 1924-1929\u2217","display_name":"Progressivism Meets Jim Crow: Curriculum Revision and Development in Houston, Texas, 1924-1929\u2217","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017157367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230307476","mag":"2017157367"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00309230307476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230307476","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230307476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194633539","display_name":"Paedagogica Historica","issn_l":"0030-9230","issn":["0030-9230","1477-674X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Paedagogica Historica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054835611","display_name":"Karen Benjamin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-9827","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-9827"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karen Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States of America","University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054835611"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9278,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90715363,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"4","first_page":"457","last_page":"476"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13570","display_name":"Historical Education Studies Worldwide","score":0.9258000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13570","display_name":"Historical Education Studies Worldwide","score":0.9258000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.031300000846385956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.025299999862909317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/progressive-education","display_name":"progressive education","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jim-crow-segregation","display_name":"Jim Crow segregation","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum-reform","display_name":"curriculum reform","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/houston-independent-school-district","display_name":"Houston Independent School District","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-centered-pedagogy","display_name":"child-centered pedagogy","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-education","display_name":"African American education","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-desegregation","display_name":"school desegregation","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/great-migration","display_name":"Great Migration","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-industry","display_name":"oil and gas industry","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-education","display_name":"teacher professional development","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-salaries","display_name":"teacher salaries","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-teachers","display_name":"white teachers","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-teachers","display_name":"Black teachers","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-funding","display_name":"school finance","score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-inequality","display_name":"educational inequality","score":0.31299999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777533384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821102","display_name":"Progressivism","level":3,"score":0.9551091194152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.682276725769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155504147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834933","display_name":"Progressive education","level":2,"score":0.6562397480010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779011557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16911265","display_name":"Curriculum development","level":3,"score":0.5342501997947693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207096701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q564371","display_name":"Philosophy of education","level":3,"score":0.5111811757087708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.41407260298728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3780044913291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.36652398109436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.35560113191604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.28513047099113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13158610463142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1231575608253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.11242029070854187}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00309230307476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230307476","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230307476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194633539","display_name":"Paedagogica Historica","issn_l":"0030-9230","issn":["0030-9230","1477-674X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Paedagogica Historica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W590192460","https://openalex.org/W642038098","https://openalex.org/W1481603539","https://openalex.org/W1967728891","https://openalex.org/W2012792285","https://openalex.org/W2082471986","https://openalex.org/W2118177919","https://openalex.org/W2171331568","https://openalex.org/W2312630749","https://openalex.org/W2321960815","https://openalex.org/W2329007979","https://openalex.org/W2798630338","https://openalex.org/W3208360224","https://openalex.org/W4235055654","https://openalex.org/W4243009177","https://openalex.org/W4243162958","https://openalex.org/W4254770967","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300650382","https://openalex.org/W4312814467"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372486958","https://openalex.org/W2017157367","https://openalex.org/W2346580122","https://openalex.org/W1995278428","https://openalex.org/W1976003895","https://openalex.org/W3126252153","https://openalex.org/W4283019959","https://openalex.org/W2078329452","https://openalex.org/W2626559055","https://openalex.org/W4210986066"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,166],"was":[1,64,84,153,448],"true":[2],"for":[3,132,197,282,327,339,412,444,495,502],"many":[4,71,478,531],"school":[5,243,437,515],"districts":[6],"across":[7],"the":[8,12,16,42,54,61,74,77,101,105,121,133,147,158,161,171,180,185,195,206,222,225,247,252,275,304,315,324,331,340,350,393,400,419,423,429,436,453,496,505,514,535],"United":[9],"States":[10],"during":[11],"early":[13],"decades":[14],"of":[15,37,44,58,76,108,141,160,170,179,194,205,224,249,254,279,306,318,343,353,425,498,538,550],"twentieth":[17],"century,":[18],"Houston":[19,63,209,431,499],"Independent":[20],"School":[21],"District":[22],"sought":[23],"modernization":[24],"through":[25],"a":[26,65,116,292,382,440],"multimillion":[27],"dollar":[28],"building":[29,260],"program":[30],"and":[31,91,124,217,251,272,277,309,475,528],"curricular":[32,51],"reform.":[33],"Houston's":[34,80,255],"new":[35,262,288,394,426,506,522],"course":[36],"study,":[38],"heavily":[39],"influenced":[40],"by":[41,221,259,380,451,520],"theories":[43],"child-centered":[45,117,333,485],"pedagogy,":[46,486],"received":[47],"widespread":[48],"praise":[49],"from":[50,89,100,470,482],"experts":[52],"at":[53,543],"nation's":[55],"top":[56],"schools":[57,281,289,466,519],"education.":[59],"In":[60,415,434],"1920s,":[62],"segregated,":[66],"southern":[67],"city":[68],"that,":[69],"in":[70,112,146,164,236,301,303,312,363,385,428,457,484,541],"ways,":[72],"shared":[73],"conservatism":[75],"region.":[78],"Nevertheless,":[79,208],"superintendent,":[81],"E.E.":[82],"Oberholtzer,":[83],"able":[85],"to":[86,93,128,157,187,246,387,392,403,407,422,509,525],"overcome":[87],"resistance":[88],"taxpayers":[90],"teachers":[92,356,390,398,446,469,492],"successfully":[94],"implement":[95],"his":[96],"program.":[97],"Corporate":[98],"\u00e9lites":[99,230],"petroleum":[102],"industry,":[103],"among":[104],"biggest":[106],"boosters":[107],"progressive":[109,539],"educational":[110,325,409,489,523],"reform":[111,162,199],"Houston,":[113,302,542],"believed":[114],"that":[115,447],"curriculum":[118,198,334,347],"would":[119],"develop":[120],"leadership":[122],"skills":[123],"creative":[125],"ability":[126],"needed":[127],"train":[129,388],"white-collar":[130],"workers":[131],"expanding":[134],"economy.":[135],"Those":[136],"left":[137],"behind,":[138],"primarily":[139],"students":[140,174,320,337,527],"color,":[142],"were":[143,211,218],"further":[144],"disadvantaged":[145],"changing":[148],"job":[149,462],"market.":[150],"Jim":[151],"Crow":[152],"an":[154],"essential":[155],"component":[156],"success":[159],"policies":[163],"Houston.":[165],"twenty-five":[167,176],"per":[168,177,192,203],"cent":[169,178,193,204],"population,":[172],"African-American":[173,264,465],"deserved":[175],"district's":[181,401],"revenues.":[182],"Segregation":[183],"allowed":[184],"district":[186,374,438],"use":[188],"almost":[189],"one":[190],"hundred":[191],"money":[196],"on":[200,213],"only":[201],"seventy-five":[202],"population.":[207],"manufacturers":[210],"dependent":[212],"unskilled":[214],"black":[215,257,283,296,319,336,345,458,468,479,526],"labor":[216],"hit":[219],"hard":[220],"exodus":[223],"Great":[226],"Migration.":[227],"Thus,":[228,513],"corporate":[229],"could":[231],"not":[232],"be":[233],"too":[234],"blatant":[235],"their":[237,364,472],"discrimination":[238],"against":[239],"African-Americans.":[240],"The":[241,373],"pro-industry":[242],"board":[244],"responded":[245],"threats":[248],"migration":[250],"demands":[253],"vociferous":[256],"press":[258],"two":[261],"modern":[263],"high":[265],"schools,":[266],"refurbishing":[267],"\"Old":[268],"Colored":[269],"High":[270],"School,\"":[271],"vastly":[273],"improving":[274],"number":[276],"condition":[278],"elementary":[280],"children.":[284],"Yet,":[285],"although":[286,504],"these":[287],"did":[290],"represent":[291],"vast":[293,351],"improvement":[294],"over":[295,360,377],"education":[297,379],"before":[298],"Oberholtzer's":[299],"arrival":[300],"face":[305],"massive":[307],"expenditures":[308],"dramatic":[310],"improvements":[311],"white":[313,328,389,397,445,518,552],"education,":[314,540],"material":[316],"gains":[317],"lagged":[321],"far":[322],"behind":[323],"opportunities":[326,524],"students.":[329],"While":[330,530],"new,":[332],"excluded":[335,349,481],"(except":[338],"heroic":[341],"efforts":[342,402],"individual":[344],"educators),":[346],"development":[348],"majority":[352],"teachers.":[354,414,529],"White":[355],"lost":[357],"considerable":[358],"power":[359],"pedagogical":[361],"decisions":[362],"own":[365],"classrooms":[366],"as":[367,547],"they":[368],"faced":[369],"onerous,":[370],"top-down":[371],"directives.":[372],"maintained":[375],"control":[376],"teacher":[378,459],"opening":[381],"junior":[383],"college":[384,507],"1927":[386],"according":[391],"pedagogy.":[395],"Many":[396],"resented":[399],"tie":[404],"salary":[405,442],"raises":[406],"increased":[408],"qualifications,":[410],"even":[411],"experienced":[413],"1928":[416],"conflicts":[417],"with":[418],"superintendent":[420],"contributed":[421],"growth":[424],"memberships":[427],"all-white":[430],"Teachers":[432],"Association.":[433],"response,":[435],"passed":[439],"significant":[441],"increase":[443],"funded":[449],"partially":[450],"reducing":[452],"automatic":[454],"annual":[455],"increases":[456],"salaries.":[460],"Intense":[461],"competition":[463],"within":[464],"kept":[467],"protesting":[471],"discriminatory":[473],"salaries":[474],"treatment.":[476],"Ironically,":[477],"teachers,":[480],"training":[483],"welcomed":[487],"additional":[488],"opportunities.":[490],"Black":[491],"themselves":[493],"fought":[494],"creation":[497],"Junior":[500],"College":[501],"Negroes,":[503],"failed":[508],"receive":[510],"adequate":[511],"funding.":[512],"administration":[516],"modernized":[517],"denying":[521],"scholars":[532],"have":[533],"criticized":[534],"supposed":[536],"\"advantages\"":[537],"least,":[544],"progressivism":[545],"operated":[546],"another":[548],"form":[549],"unearned":[551],"privilege.":[553]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}