{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017142013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.89.037902","title":"Differential Phase Shift Quantum Key Distribution","display_name":"Differential Phase Shift Quantum Key Distribution","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017142013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.89.037902","mag":"2017142013","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12144419"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.89.037902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.89.037902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.89.037902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2017142013"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010679887","display_name":"Kyo Inoue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5847-1727","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5847-1727"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105847","display_name":"NTT Basic Research Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01m2pas06","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105847"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyo Inoue","raw_affiliation_strings":["NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi-shi, 243-0198 Japan. kyo@will.brl.ntt.co.jp","NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi-shi, 243-0198 Japan","and E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4085"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi-shi, 243-0198 Japan. kyo@will.brl.ntt.co.jp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219","https://openalex.org/I4210105847"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi-shi, 243-0198 Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219","https://openalex.org/I4210105847"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"and E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4085","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031136818","display_name":"Edo Waks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0299-0784","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0299-0784"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edo Waks","raw_affiliation_strings":["E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4085"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4085","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071256887","display_name":"Y. Yamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4150-6804","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4150-6804"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshihisa Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4085"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4085","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010679887"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219","https://openalex.org/I4210105847","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":3750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3750},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2449,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":490,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92176421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"89","issue":"3","first_page":"037902","last_page":"037902"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-phase-shift","display_name":"differential phase shift","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"quantum key distribution","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photons","display_name":"single photons","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-transmission","display_name":"fiber transmission","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation-efficiency","display_name":"key generation efficiency","score":0.7390000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8778160810470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.7809241414070129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.7118064761161804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778465081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275356","display_name":"Differential phase","level":3,"score":0.7081173658370972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78203541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566969","display_name":"BB84","level":5,"score":0.6994463205337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5335341691970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5061520934104919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.503877580165863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.48526284098625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4359388053417206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3918153941631317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3606765866279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3547399640083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34647369384765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.2658233642578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17151251435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.89.037902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.89.037902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.89.037902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12144419","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12144419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical review letters","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482317929","https://openalex.org/W1524303762","https://openalex.org/W1652946403","https://openalex.org/W1959936891","https://openalex.org/W1974693120","https://openalex.org/W1978690715","https://openalex.org/W1986248614","https://openalex.org/W1997124098","https://openalex.org/W2000652143","https://openalex.org/W2006226307","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2028320108","https://openalex.org/W2031585547","https://openalex.org/W2041575849","https://openalex.org/W2044338881","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2051149928","https://openalex.org/W2060333719","https://openalex.org/W2063325978","https://openalex.org/W2108551367","https://openalex.org/W2120015255","https://openalex.org/W2144623882","https://openalex.org/W2145375372","https://openalex.org/W2963260155","https://openalex.org/W2963898955","https://openalex.org/W3038067977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378410178","https://openalex.org/W1966512909","https://openalex.org/W2099628949","https://openalex.org/W1986248614","https://openalex.org/W2125070209","https://openalex.org/W2066357788","https://openalex.org/W2080560540","https://openalex.org/W4243930901","https://openalex.org/W2117724551","https://openalex.org/W1970260488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,23],"novel":[1],"quantum":[2],"cryptography":[3],"scheme":[4,57],"is":[5,12,29,58],"proposed,":[6],"in":[7,14],"which":[8],"a":[9,15,66],"single":[10],"photon":[11,24],"prepared":[13],"linear":[16],"superposition":[17],"state":[18],"of":[19],"three":[20,27],"basis":[21],"kets.":[22],"split":[25],"to":[26,33],"pulses":[28,42],"sent":[30],"from":[31],"Alice":[32],"Bob,":[34],"where":[35],"the":[36,48],"phase":[37,49,54],"difference":[38,50],"between":[39],"sequential":[40],"two":[41],"carries":[43],"bit":[44],"information.":[45],"Bob":[46],"measures":[47],"by":[51],"passive":[52],"differential":[53],"detection.":[55],"This":[56],"suitable":[59],"for":[60],"fiber":[61],"transmission":[62],"systems":[63],"and":[64],"offers":[65],"key":[67],"creation":[68],"efficiency":[69],"higher":[70],"than":[71],"conventional":[72],"fiber-based":[73],"BB84.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}