{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017116802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2937867","title":"Strikes, Free Riders, and Social Customs","display_name":"Strikes, Free Riders, and Social Customs","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017116802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2937867","mag":"2017116802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2937867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2937867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2937867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/269241","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109865747","display_name":"Robin A Naylor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robin Naylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warwick University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109865747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"apc_list":{"value":7619,"currency":"USD","value_usd":7619},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.8554,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":118,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96965211,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"104","issue":"4","first_page":"771","last_page":"771"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.8598999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.8598999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.07930000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strikes","display_name":"strikes","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-bargaining","display_name":"collective bargaining","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-riding","display_name":"free-riding","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-union-membership","display_name":"union membership","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/union-stability","display_name":"union stability","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market-behavior","display_name":"labor market behavior","score":0.9010000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13801280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36732","display_name":"Kingdom","level":2,"score":0.4162522256374359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.36125385761260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3425515592098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.3340170383453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11803919076919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2937867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2937867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2937867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ags:uwarer:269241","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/269241/files/twerp275.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/269241/files/twerp275.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wrk:warwec:275","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/workingpapers/1978-1988/twerp275.pdf","pdf_url":"https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/workingpapers/1978-1988/twerp275.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:269241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/269241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/269241","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:3122726318","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:wrk:warwec:275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:104:y:1989:i:4:p:771-785.","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.2307/2937867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.22004/ag.econ.269241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.269241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.269241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:269241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/269241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/269241","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.4399999976158142}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4099999964237213}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095717987","https://openalex.org/W2120946983","https://openalex.org/W2128124102","https://openalex.org/W2798836955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095717987","https://openalex.org/W2051258054","https://openalex.org/W2103600925","https://openalex.org/W7221118542","https://openalex.org/W15780005","https://openalex.org/W2029493432","https://openalex.org/W2332573301","https://openalex.org/W2104119977","https://openalex.org/W7096676444","https://openalex.org/W2021091863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,23,72],"applies":[2],"the":[3,12,16,25,41,47,51,60,85,88,94],"social":[4,89],"custom":[5,90],"model":[6,42],"developed":[7],"by":[8],"Akerlof":[9],"[1980]":[10],"to":[11,46,76],"problem":[13],"of":[14,18,27,32,49,53,62,81,87,96,99],"explaining":[15,50,66],"logic":[17],"collective":[19],"strike":[20],"action.":[21],"The":[22,71],"demonstrates":[24,84],"possibility":[26],"stable":[28,67],"long-run":[29],"equilibrium":[30,69],"levels":[31],"support":[33],"for":[34],"a":[35,54,78],"strike.":[36],"We":[37],"also":[38],"show":[39],"that":[40],"can":[43],"be":[44],"applied":[45],"issue":[48],"existence":[52],"trade":[55],"union,":[56],"and":[57],"builds":[58],"on":[59],"results":[61],"Booth":[63],"[1985]":[64],"in":[65,92],"intermediate":[68],"membership.":[70],"does":[73],"not":[74],"claim":[75],"provide":[77],"general":[79],"theory":[80],"strikes,":[82],"but":[83],"value":[86],"approach":[91],"enhancing":[93],"understanding":[95],"this":[97],"class":[98],"labor":[100],"market":[101],"behavior.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}