{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016998087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00398629","title":"The determinants of changes in U.S. self-employment, 1968?1987","display_name":"The determinants of changes in U.S. self-employment, 1968?1987","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016998087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00398629","mag":"2016998087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00398629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00398629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00398629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41869786","display_name":"Small Business Economics","issn_l":"0921-898X","issn":["0921-898X","1573-0913"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Small Business Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057345173","display_name":"David S. Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3940-3344","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3940-3344","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8151-7946","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-8489"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","display_name":"Fordham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qnxaf80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Fordham University, 10458, Bronx, NY, USA","Dept. of Economics, Fordham University, Bronx, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Fordham University, 10458, Bronx, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Economics, Fordham University, Bronx, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108275726","display_name":"Linda S. Leighton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","display_name":"Fordham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qnxaf80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda S. Leighton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Fordham University, 10458, Bronx, NY, USA","Dept. of Economics, Fordham University, Bronx, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Fordham University, 10458, Bronx, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Economics, Fordham University, Bronx, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":224,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98224852,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"111","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.8300999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.8300999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.06279999762773514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.04969999939203262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-employment","display_name":"self-employment","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship","display_name":"entrepreneurship","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/determinants-of-self-employment","display_name":"determinants of self-employment","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-cycles","display_name":"business cycles","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baby-boomers","display_name":"baby boomers","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workforce-age-structure","display_name":"workforce age structure","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-decline","display_name":"manufacturing decline","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-sector-growth","display_name":"service sector growth","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-conditions","display_name":"business conditions","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-labor-market","display_name":"United States labor market","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/full-time-workers","display_name":"full-time employees","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778000738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1005490","display_name":"Self-employment","level":3,"score":0.7140829563140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.6436861157417297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5868003368377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776444593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610548","display_name":"Baby boom","level":3,"score":0.569453775882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5594287514686584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5517157316207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.4648282527923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4454286992549896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.21435171365737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.15209335088729858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1126512885093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.08024466037750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00398629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00398629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00398629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41869786","display_name":"Small Business Economics","issn_l":"0921-898X","issn":["0921-898X","1573-0913"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Small Business Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78068216","https://openalex.org/W290095938","https://openalex.org/W1991976785","https://openalex.org/W2085208778","https://openalex.org/W2087964979","https://openalex.org/W4301134136"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124990305","https://openalex.org/W2120546782","https://openalex.org/W7005803737","https://openalex.org/W1997471844","https://openalex.org/W1512747125","https://openalex.org/W1923604397","https://openalex.org/W3046065026","https://openalex.org/W2138166466","https://openalex.org/W2011717166","https://openalex.org/W2597058459"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
