{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016843769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2118/40016-ms","title":"The History and Success of Liquid CO2 and CO2/N2 Fracturing System","display_name":"The History and Success of Liquid CO2 and CO2/N2 Fracturing System","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016843769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2118/40016-ms","mag":"2016843769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2118/40016-ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2118/40016-ms","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2118/40016-ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608656","display_name":"SPE Gas Technology Symposium","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPE Gas Technology Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016722908","display_name":"D V Satya V Gupta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.V. S. Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Fracmaster Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Fracmaster Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098014164","display_name":"D. M. Bobier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. M. Bobier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Fracmaster Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Fracmaster Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16430067,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10635","display_name":"Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10635","display_name":"Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10892","display_name":"Drilling and Well Engineering","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydraulic-fracturing","display_name":"hydraulic fracturing","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluid-compressibility","display_name":"fluid compressibility","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leak-off","display_name":"leak-off","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proppant-placement","display_name":"proppant placement","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/well-stimulation","display_name":"well stimulation","score":0.3840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127172972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128709","display_name":"Viscosity","level":2,"score":0.5949066281318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994384808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2826784","display_name":"Fracturing fluid","level":2,"score":0.5642354488372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84655787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8067817","display_name":"Compressibility","level":2,"score":0.5580953359603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.5424777269363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779681308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049254","display_name":"Enhanced oil recovery","level":2,"score":0.43287914991378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.4309626817703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.42796793580055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142176979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157020","display_name":"Compressed fluid","level":2,"score":0.42238038778305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3558026850223541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29504919052124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20202791690826416}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2118/40016-ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2118/40016-ms","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2118/40016-ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608656","display_name":"SPE Gas Technology Symposium","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPE Gas Technology Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016528016","https://openalex.org/W2088371265","https://openalex.org/W2222763823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2143777384","https://openalex.org/W2538022866","https://openalex.org/W1971415397","https://openalex.org/W2016528016","https://openalex.org/W1967676301","https://openalex.org/W2485055562","https://openalex.org/W2080093547","https://openalex.org/W2365246426","https://openalex.org/W1980359192","https://openalex.org/W2483845253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Liquid":[1],"CO2":[2],"system":[3,21],"has":[4],"been":[5,27],"pumped":[6],"as":[7],"fracturing":[8,137],"fluids":[9,25,68,81,118,141,152,166],"in":[10,29,33,39,49,153],"North":[11],"America":[12],"since":[13],"the":[14,18,77,80,83,98,123,133,136,154,161],"early":[15],"1980s":[16],"and":[17,38,54,64,72,82,88,97,125],"liquid":[19],"CO2/N2":[20],"from":[22,43,56],"1994.":[23],"The":[24,62,93,107,128],"have":[26],"used":[28],"over":[30],"1000":[31],"wells":[32,40],"a":[34],"variety":[35],"of":[36,41,51,66,79,86,90,95,135,147,160,164],"formations":[37],"permeabilities":[42],"0.1mD":[44],"to":[45,58],"10":[46,57],"Darcies,":[47],"depths":[48],"excess":[50],"3000":[52],"meters":[53],"BHT":[55],"100":[59],"degrees":[60],"Celsius.":[61],"chemistry":[63],"physics":[65],"these":[67,91,114,140,149,165],"are":[69,73,105,119,142,156],"very":[70],"intriguing":[71],"described.":[74,120,168],"These":[75],"include":[76],"thermodynamics":[78],"physical":[84],"properties":[85],"density":[87,124],"viscosity":[89],"fluids.":[92],"effect":[94],"compressibility":[96],"transient":[99],"effects":[100],"on":[101],"fluid":[102],"leak":[103],"off":[104],"discussed.":[106],"suggested":[108],"process":[109],"for":[110,132],"proppant":[111],"placement":[112],"with":[113,139],"low":[115,150],"viscosity,":[116],"non-damaging":[117],"This":[121],"includes":[122],"turbulent":[126],"effects.":[127],"design":[129,134],"model":[130],"considerations":[131,146],"jobs":[138],"also":[143],"summarized.":[144],"Operational":[145],"pumping":[148],"temperature":[151],"field":[155,162],"detailed.":[157],"A":[158],"summary":[159],"use":[163],"is":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}