{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016841589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03655.x","title":"A Comparison of Glycine, Sarcosine, N,N-Dimethylglycine, Glycinebetaine and N-Modified Betaines as Liposome Cryoprotectants","display_name":"A Comparison of Glycine, Sarcosine, N,N-Dimethylglycine, Glycinebetaine and N-Modified Betaines as Liposome Cryoprotectants","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016841589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03655.x","mag":"2016841589","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1279156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03655.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03655.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03655.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118304455","display_name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","issn_l":"0022-3573","issn":["0022-3573","2042-7158"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079822735","display_name":"Andrew W. Lloyd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2778-8195","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2778-8195"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew W Lloyd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic , Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ,","Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic , Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070133353","display_name":"James \u0391. Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8267-1670","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8267-1670"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic , Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ,","Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic , Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Geoffrey Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic , Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ,","Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic , Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058504768","display_name":"Cedric J. Olliff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cedric J Olliff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic , Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ,","Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic , Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112097298","display_name":"Ken J. Rutt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken J Rutt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic , Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ,","Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic , Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2911,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3839},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.529,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60502097,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"6","first_page":"507","last_page":"511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10407","display_name":"Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior","score":0.7567999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10407","display_name":"Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior","score":0.7567999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10063","display_name":"Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery","score":0.09969999641180038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10256","display_name":"Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/betaine","display_name":"betaine","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sarcosine","display_name":"sarcosine","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-n-dimethylglycine","display_name":"N,N-dimethylglycine","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycine","display_name":"glycine","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liposome-leakage","display_name":"liposome leakage","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freeze-thaw-cycles","display_name":"freeze-thaw cycles","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-terminal-methylation","display_name":"N-terminal methylation","score":0.9610000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779943223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414157","display_name":"Sarcosine","level":4,"score":0.9438210725784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.726493239402771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777248517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72052841","display_name":"Betaine","level":2,"score":0.6904909610748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777756961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620730","display_name":"Glycine","level":3,"score":0.5762879252433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185154212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410454","display_name":"Liposome","level":2,"score":0.5248323082923889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68528507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q692267","display_name":"Cryoprotectant","level":4,"score":0.47596901655197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.39924904704093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.24397829174995422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.16348975896835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07583922147750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179933525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144664","display_name":"Cryopreservation","level":3,"score":0.06787669658660889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196843134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33196","display_name":"Embryo","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000548","descriptor_name":"Amaranth Dye","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001622","descriptor_name":"Betaine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003451","descriptor_name":"Cryoprotective Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005615","descriptor_name":"Freezing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005998","descriptor_name":"Glycine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008081","descriptor_name":"Liposomes","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012521","descriptor_name":"Sarcosine","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012521","descriptor_name":"Sarcosine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03655.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03655.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03655.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118304455","display_name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","issn_l":"0022-3573","issn":["0022-3573","2042-7158"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1279156","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1279156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25749702","https://openalex.org/W1970874044","https://openalex.org/W1988795580","https://openalex.org/W2036833283","https://openalex.org/W2055739494","https://openalex.org/W2057229541","https://openalex.org/W2063227644","https://openalex.org/W2072154073","https://openalex.org/W2078685608","https://openalex.org/W2084913961","https://openalex.org/W2092787609","https://openalex.org/W2143115872","https://openalex.org/W2316270232"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068897549","https://openalex.org/W2143115872","https://openalex.org/W1975530946","https://openalex.org/W1993544688","https://openalex.org/W1977537492","https://openalex.org/W2471423197","https://openalex.org/W2036833283","https://openalex.org/W2324294917","https://openalex.org/W2048466160","https://openalex.org/W2051616312"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Glycinebetaine":[0],"has":[1],"previously":[2],"been":[3],"shown":[4],"to":[5,66,78,97,130],"be":[6,98,126],"effective":[7,101],"at":[8,84,113],"reducing":[9],"leakage":[10,81],"from":[11,82],"liposomes":[12,83],"which":[13],"are":[14],"frozen":[15],"then":[16],"thawed.":[17],"This":[18,116],"study":[19,117],"involved":[20],"the":[21,30,45,49,54,70,80,120,131],"preparation":[22],"of":[23,26,32,38,51,56,72,75,123],"a":[24],"series":[25],"N-modified":[27],"betaines":[28],"and":[29,42,60,89,94,111],"comparison":[31],"their":[33],"cryoprotective":[34,121],"activities":[35],"with":[36,48,62,128],"those":[37],"glycine,":[39],"sarcosine,":[40],"N,N-dimethylglycine":[41],"glycinebetaine.":[43],"All":[44],"compounds":[46],"investigated,":[47],"exception":[50],"(dimethyloctylammonio)acetate,":[52],"reduced":[53],"degree":[55,71],"leakage,":[57],"after":[58],"freezing":[59],"thawing,":[61],"additive":[63,85],"concentrations":[64,86],"up":[65],"0.6":[67,90],"M.":[68,91],"Reducing":[69],"N-terminal":[73],"methylation":[74],"glycinebetaine":[76,124],"appeared":[77,96],"increase":[79],"between":[87],"0.2":[88],"(Dimethylethylammonio)acetate,":[92],"(dimethylisopropylammonio)acetate":[93],"(N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediammonio)-N,N'-diacetate":[95],"no":[99],"more":[100],"than":[102],"glycinebetaine,":[103],"whereas":[104],"improved":[105,127],"protection":[106],"was":[107],"afforded":[108],"by":[109],"(triethylammonio)acetate":[110],"(diethylmethylammonio)acetate":[112],"most":[114],"concentrations.":[115],"demonstrates":[118],"that":[119],"activity":[122],"may":[125],"modifications":[129],"N-terminal.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}