{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016827952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.141.1.7291529","title":"The environmental density artifact: a beam-hardening effect in computed tomography.","display_name":"The environmental density artifact: a beam-hardening effect in computed tomography.","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016827952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.141.1.7291529","mag":"2016827952","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7291529"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1148/radiology.141.1.7291529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.141.1.7291529","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.141.1.7291529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50280174","display_name":"Radiology","issn_l":"0033-8419","issn":["0033-8419","1527-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315931","host_organization_name":"Radiological Society of North America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315931"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Radiological Society of North America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005423399","display_name":"PS Siddharth Rao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P S Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111798430","display_name":"R. J. Alfidi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R J Alfidi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5411,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67005399,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"141","issue":"1","first_page":"223","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-hardening","display_name":"beam hardening","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography-artifacts","display_name":"computed tomography artifacts","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hounsfield-units","display_name":"Hounsfield units","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iodinated-contrast-media","display_name":"iodinated contrast media","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isopropanol","display_name":"isopropanol","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phantoms","display_name":"phantoms","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast-enhancement","display_name":"contrast enhancement","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation-coefficient","display_name":"attenuation coefficient","score":0.5960000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6947065591812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.613554060459137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203311528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34132","display_name":"Cylinder","level":2,"score":0.6012348532676697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.5957371592521667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.5663068890571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.4582497477531433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.45524734258651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159774933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902086","display_name":"Attenuation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.43909475207328796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.43853721022605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4373663067817688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.32836538553237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3253980875015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2716515064239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1698785126209259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12645161151885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D008961","descriptor_name":"Models, Structural","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011856","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1148/radiology.141.1.7291529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.141.1.7291529","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.141.1.7291529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50280174","display_name":"Radiology","issn_l":"0033-8419","issn":["0033-8419","1527-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315931","host_organization_name":"Radiological Society of North America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315931"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Radiological Society of North America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7291529","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7291529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Radiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075409459","https://openalex.org/W2426190111","https://openalex.org/W2074596775","https://openalex.org/W2530042332","https://openalex.org/W4408645009","https://openalex.org/W2073730742","https://openalex.org/W2147257854","https://openalex.org/W3109547508","https://openalex.org/W6982379318","https://openalex.org/W2043147232"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,48],"environmental":[1],"density":[2],"artifact":[3,92],"is":[4,16,103],"an":[5],"effect":[6,41],"due":[7],"to":[8],"beam":[9],"hardening":[10],"in":[11,22,44,71,105],"computed":[12,106],"tomography":[13],"(CT),":[14],"and":[15,61],"the":[17,23,62,68,72,82,95],"small":[18],"but":[19],"definite":[20],"change":[21],"CT":[24,69],"number":[25,70],"of":[26,36,54,81,97],"a":[27,33],"central":[28,63,83],"region":[29,35],"when":[30,100],"surrounded":[31],"by":[32,76,87],"larger":[34],"different":[37,52],"attenuation":[38],"coefficient.":[39],"This":[40,91],"was":[42],"measured":[43],"concentric":[45],"cylindrical":[46],"phantoms.":[47],"outer":[49,73],"cylinder":[50,64,74,85],"contained":[51,65],"solutions":[53],"iodinated":[55],"contrast":[56,101],"medium":[57],"or":[58],"isopropyl":[59],"alcohol,":[60],"water.":[66],"When":[67],"increased":[75,86],"about":[77,88],"100":[78],"HU,":[79],"that":[80],"water-filled":[84],"5":[89],"HU.":[90],"may":[93],"be":[94],"cause":[96],"erroneous":[98],"diagnosis":[99],"enhancement":[102],"employed":[104],"tomography.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
