{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016808632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2077236","title":"Cross-Level Inference.","display_name":"Cross-Level Inference.","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016808632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2077236","mag":"2016808632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2077236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2077236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2077236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4789869","display_name":"Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews","issn_l":"0094-3061","issn":["0094-3061","1939-8638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contemporary Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2016808632"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073688182","display_name":"Allan L. McCutcheon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allan L. McCutcheon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037415362","display_name":"Christopher H. Achen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8494-2841","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8494-2841"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher H. Achen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034886013","display_name":"W. Phillips Shively","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Phillips Shively","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5173,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":247,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9866391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"276","last_page":"276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.43869999051094055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.43869999051094055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.3837999999523163,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.02710000053048134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate-data","display_name":"aggregated data","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-regression","display_name":"ecological regression","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-averages","display_name":"group averages","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-level-inference","display_name":"individual-level inference","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/census-areas","display_name":"census data collection areas","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-districts","display_name":"electoral districts","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregation-bias","display_name":"aggregation bias","score":0.3109999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5563475489616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31392425298690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21070364117622375}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2077236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2077236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2077236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4789869","display_name":"Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews","issn_l":"0094-3061","issn":["0094-3061","1939-8638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contemporary Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1142940162","https://openalex.org/W1995297713","https://openalex.org/W2319284464","https://openalex.org/W2992079489","https://openalex.org/W4236218305","https://openalex.org/W2065988320","https://openalex.org/W1538648109","https://openalex.org/W4254954715","https://openalex.org/W2009775412","https://openalex.org/W4255122834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,10,65,83,139],"last":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"new":[5,60,85],"disputes":[6],"have":[7,35,56],"erupted":[8],"over":[9],"use":[11],"of":[12,42,47,62,94,145,150],"group":[13],"averages":[14],"from":[15],"census":[16],"areas":[17],"or":[18],"voting":[19],"districts":[20],"to":[21,58,136],"draw":[22],"inferences":[23],"about":[24,38],"individual":[25],"social":[26],"behaviour.":[27],"Social":[28],"scientists,":[29],"policy":[30],"analysts":[31],"and":[32,80,100,132,154],"historians":[33],"often":[34,78],"little":[36],"choice":[37],"using":[39],"this":[40],"kind":[41],"data,":[43,96],"but":[44],"statistical":[45,92],"analysis":[46,93,153],"them":[48],"is":[49],"fraught":[50],"with":[51],"pitfalls.":[52],"The":[53],"recent":[54,134],"debates":[55],"led":[57],"a":[59,143],"menu":[61],"choices":[63],"for":[64,87,142],"applied":[66],"researcher.":[67],"This":[68],"volume":[69],"explains":[70],"why":[71],"older":[72],"methods":[73],"like":[74],"ecological":[75,123],"regression":[76,152],"so":[77,115],"fail,":[79],"it":[81],"examines":[82],"promising":[84],"techniques":[86],"cross-level":[88,106],"inference.":[89],"Experts":[90],"in":[91],"aggregate":[95],"Christopher":[97],"H.":[98],"Achen":[99],"W.":[101],"Phillips":[102],"Shively,":[103],"contend":[104],"that":[105,116],"inference":[107],"makes":[108],"unusually":[109],"strong":[110],"demands":[111],"on":[112],"substantive":[113],"knowledge,":[114],"no":[117],"one":[118],"method,":[119],"such":[120],"as":[121],"Goodman's":[122,130],"regression,":[124],"will":[125],"fit":[126],"all":[127],"situations.":[128],"Criticizing":[129],"model":[131],"some":[133],"attempts":[135],"replace":[137],"it,":[138],"authors":[140],"argue":[141],"range":[144],"alternate":[146],"techniques,":[147],"including":[148],"extensions":[149],"cross-tabular,":[151],"unobservable":[155],"variable":[156],"estimators.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}