{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016808500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.010998","title":"Liquid-crystal variable-focus lenses with a spatially-distributed tilt angles","display_name":"Liquid-crystal variable-focus lenses with a spatially-distributed tilt angles","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016808500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.010998","mag":"2016808500","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19550499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.17.010998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.010998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.010998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.010998","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109430176","display_name":"Michinori Honma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6682-6223","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6682-6223"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5467274","display_name":"Akita Prefectural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b1kx621","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5467274"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michinori Honma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita, Japan. mhonma@akita-pu.ac.jp","Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita, Japan. mhonma@akita-pu.ac.jp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5467274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5467274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006092907","display_name":"Toshiaki Nose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-0619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-0619"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5467274","display_name":"Akita Prefectural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b1kx621","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5467274"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiaki Nose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4 Tsuchiya-Ebinokuchi, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4 Tsuchiya-Ebinokuchi, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5467274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036497940","display_name":"Satoshi Yanase","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5005-2477","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5005-2477"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Yanase","raw_affiliation_strings":["Akita Research Institute of Advanced Technology, 4-21 Sanuki, Araya, Akita 010-1623, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Akita Research Institute of Advanced Technology, 4-21 Sanuki, Araya, Akita 010-1623, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080553573","display_name":"Rumiko Yamaguchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-572X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-572X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203765153","display_name":"Akita University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hv1ad10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203765153"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rumiko Yamaguchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-cho, Akita 010-8502, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-cho, Akita 010-8502, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203765153"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030698488","display_name":"Susumu Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4712-9656","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4712-9656"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susumu Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Akita Research Institute of Advanced Technology, 4-21 Sanuki, Araya, Akita 010-1623, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Akita Research Institute of Advanced Technology, 4-21 Sanuki, Araya, Akita 010-1623, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"fwci":0.8097,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67664351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"13","first_page":"10998","last_page":"10998"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10306","display_name":"Liquid Crystal Research Advancements","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10306","display_name":"Liquid Crystal Research Advancements","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-chain-polyimides","display_name":"side-chain polyimides","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homeotropic-alignment","display_name":"homeotropic alignment","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/director-orientation","display_name":"director orientation","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focal-length-tuning","display_name":"focal length tuning","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-dependence","display_name":"voltage dependence","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-reorientation","display_name":"molecular reorientation","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aberrations","display_name":"aberrations","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7375860","display_name":"Rubbing","level":2,"score":0.9378737807273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.8410605788230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13274807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203989","display_name":"Liquid crystal","level":2,"score":0.782209038734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7518394589424133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779844322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919140","display_name":"Tilt (camera)","level":2,"score":0.7348948121070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780965675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145958","display_name":"Polyimide","level":3,"score":0.6086958050727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82621660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17030602","display_name":"Homeotropic alignment","level":3,"score":0.575358510017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128019096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83341","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","level":2,"score":0.5570588111877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5451670289039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.48542770743370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164086593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227035","display_name":"Stylus","level":2,"score":0.47959840297698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82552819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193540","display_name":"Focal length","level":3,"score":0.42295053601264954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.3435647487640381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16674932837486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.11522158980369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.09679228067398071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.08397495746612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007909","descriptor_name":"Lenses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008853","descriptor_name":"Microscopy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012031","descriptor_name":"Refractometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018625","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Atomic Force","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050866","descriptor_name":"Liquid Crystals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055095","descriptor_name":"Optics and Photonics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.17.010998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.010998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.010998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19550499","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19550499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics express","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.17.010998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.010998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.010998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W343235680","https://openalex.org/W1967577957","https://openalex.org/W1974877750","https://openalex.org/W1982847068","https://openalex.org/W1991481041","https://openalex.org/W2009727014","https://openalex.org/W2011387249","https://openalex.org/W2020261609","https://openalex.org/W2044004040","https://openalex.org/W2047082855","https://openalex.org/W2058391137","https://openalex.org/W2071480984","https://openalex.org/W2094398244","https://openalex.org/W2096290600","https://openalex.org/W2138257878","https://openalex.org/W2139691800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978638535","https://openalex.org/W2029476837","https://openalex.org/W2794243998","https://openalex.org/W2304642865","https://openalex.org/W2240198405","https://openalex.org/W2073190848","https://openalex.org/W2023322608","https://openalex.org/W2100748986","https://openalex.org/W2079641481","https://openalex.org/W2012794082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"pretilt":[1,21],"angle":[2,22],"controlling":[3],"method":[4],"by":[5,25,115],"the":[6,19,43,51,73,79,98,103,107,116],"density":[7],"of":[8,18,72,78,106],"rubbings":[9],"using":[10],"a":[11,27,33,66],"tiny":[12],"stylus":[13],"is":[14,23,46,57,85,94,110],"proposed.":[15],"The":[16,69,90],"control":[17],"surface":[20,53],"achieved":[24,96],"rubbing":[26,74,80],"side-chain":[28],"type":[29],"polyimide":[30],"film":[31],"for":[32,82],"homeotropic":[34],"alignment.":[35],"Smooth":[36],"liquid":[37],"crystal":[38],"(LC)":[39],"director":[40],"distribution":[41,70],"in":[42,97],"bulk":[44],"layer":[45],"successfully":[47,95],"obtained":[48],"even":[49],"though":[50],"rough":[52],"orientation.":[54],"This":[55],"approach":[56],"applied":[58],"to":[59,87,112],"LC":[60,99,117],"cylindrical":[61],"and":[62,102],"rectangular":[63,100],"lenses":[64],"with":[65],"variable-focusing":[67],"function.":[68],"profile":[71],"pitch":[75],"(the":[76],"reciprocal":[77],"density)":[81],"small":[83],"aberration":[84],"determined":[86],"be":[88,113],"quadratic.":[89],"variable":[91],"focusing":[92],"function":[93],"lens,":[101],"voltage":[104],"dependence":[105],"focal":[108],"length":[109],"tried":[111],"explained":[114],"molecular":[118],"reorientation":[119],"behavior.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}