{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016805770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jkic-07-2013-0013","title":"Small business incubators in the USA: a historical review and preliminary research findings","display_name":"Small business incubators in the USA: a historical review and preliminary research findings","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016805770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jkic-07-2013-0013","mag":"2016805770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/jkic-07-2013-0013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jkic-07-2013-0013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jkic-07-2013-0013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41123332","display_name":"Journal of Knowledge-based Innovation in China","issn_l":"1756-1418","issn":["1756-1418","1756-1426"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Knowledge-based Innovation in China","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032656029","display_name":"Jeffrey M. Shepard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194120229","display_name":"Xavier University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f266q65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194120229"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey M Shepard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194120229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032656029"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194120229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4468,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87044632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"213","last_page":"233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11903","display_name":"Private Equity and Venture Capital","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-incubators","display_name":"business incubators","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfirm-partnerships","display_name":"inter-firm partnerships","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-production","display_name":"knowledge production","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.5609999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21905920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900452","display_name":"Incubator","level":2,"score":0.8566615581512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.6804136633872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9114305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428317","display_name":"Situational ethics","level":2,"score":0.5777966976165771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.5641903877258301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.5638425946235657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777973936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1109680","display_name":"Small business","level":2,"score":0.46646177768707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34630208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7016388","display_name":"New business development","level":3,"score":0.4475725293159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4268525540828705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.41376256942749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.33430755138397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3206278681755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.29404252767562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.24507492780685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24195963144302368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1999911665916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.09592768549919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/jkic-07-2013-0013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jkic-07-2013-0013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jkic-07-2013-0013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41123332","display_name":"Journal of Knowledge-based Innovation in China","issn_l":"1756-1418","issn":["1756-1418","1756-1426"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Knowledge-based Innovation in China","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62663532","https://openalex.org/W98874852","https://openalex.org/W112773068","https://openalex.org/W135531060","https://openalex.org/W159822859","https://openalex.org/W203111083","https://openalex.org/W237309009","https://openalex.org/W386498111","https://openalex.org/W614434731","https://openalex.org/W1704768046","https://openalex.org/W1987027544","https://openalex.org/W1998510112","https://openalex.org/W2005605375","https://openalex.org/W2014319842","https://openalex.org/W2014457459","https://openalex.org/W2016117475","https://openalex.org/W2020735315","https://openalex.org/W2038500374","https://openalex.org/W2059762761","https://openalex.org/W2063715709","https://openalex.org/W2072874573","https://openalex.org/W2077669923","https://openalex.org/W2087241779","https://openalex.org/W2092876351","https://openalex.org/W2093409130","https://openalex.org/W2102532467","https://openalex.org/W2105849817","https://openalex.org/W2122758060","https://openalex.org/W2531762804","https://openalex.org/W2727417844","https://openalex.org/W2790262101","https://openalex.org/W2993619774","https://openalex.org/W3122636503","https://openalex.org/W4246527177","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301265024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3185019844","https://openalex.org/W2730207976","https://openalex.org/W2565211849","https://openalex.org/W4417411796","https://openalex.org/W2014319842","https://openalex.org/W2548550522","https://openalex.org/W226466542","https://openalex.org/W2752383286","https://openalex.org/W4281634930","https://openalex.org/W4412395161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"\u2013":[1,55,87,169,226,264],"The":[2,30,56,88,104,204,265],"aim":[3],"of":[4,13,33,58,66,97,106,172,237,248,253,267],"this":[5,59,176,268,293],"study":[6,71,90],"was":[7,61],"to":[8,18,62,152,233,245],"discuss":[9],"the":[10,19,82,94,132,148,173,214,235,281],"historical":[11,89,185,306],"evolution":[12],"business":[14,31,79,98,112,135,139,191,249,277,297],"incubators":[15,80,99,136,192,196,298,313],"from":[16,187,308],"1959":[17],"present.":[20],"Three":[21],"cohort":[22],"periods":[23,274],"were":[24,49],"defined:":[25],"1959-1979,":[26],"1980-1999":[27],"and":[28,37,42,45,47,70,110,127,143,154,183,217,250,258,304],"2000-2012.":[29],"characteristics":[32,140,158],"corporate":[34],"mission,":[35],"plans":[36],"strategies,":[38],"leadership/management,":[39],"staff":[40],"competence":[41],"expertise,":[43],"facilities":[44],"resources":[46],"technology":[48],"described":[50],"for":[51,125,134,201,221,289,318],"each":[52],"generation.":[53],"Design/methodology/approach":[54],"approach":[57],"research":[60,269,294],"gain":[63],"an":[64,122],"understanding":[65],"potential":[67],"best":[68,287],"practices":[69,288],"what":[72,218,284],"has":[73,206],"been":[74,160,231],"characteristically":[75],"significant":[76],"in":[77,150,175,275,280],"small":[78,190,276,296],"over":[81,147],"past":[83,195,312],"50":[84],"years.":[85],"Findings":[86],"findings":[91],"indicate":[92],"that":[93,181,194,243,311],"basic":[95],"premise":[96],"remained":[100],"unchanged":[101],"across":[102],"time.":[103],"idea":[105],"nurturing":[107],"a":[108,246,301],"new":[109],"fledgling":[111],"until":[113],"it":[114,178,240,271],"can":[115],"manage":[116],"on":[117,189],"its":[118],"own,":[119],"much":[120],"like":[121],"incubator":[123,278],"does":[124],"premature":[126],"newborn":[128],"babies,":[129],"still":[130,211],"provides":[131],"impetus":[133],"today.":[137],"However,":[138],"have":[141,159,164,197,230,314],"evolved":[142,207],"grown":[144],"more":[145],"sophisticated":[146],"years":[149],"response":[151],"situational":[153],"contextual":[155],"forces.":[156],"Certain":[157],"retained,":[161],"while":[162],"others":[163],"undergone":[165],"change.":[166],"Research":[167],"limitations/implications":[168],"In":[170,291],"light":[171],"discussion":[174],"research,":[177],"is":[179,219,241,270],"clear":[180,242,302],"comprehensive":[182,303],"systematic":[184,305],"review":[186,307],"literature":[188,309],"reveals":[193],"provided":[198,315],"many":[199,316],"lessons":[200,317],"future":[202,222,319],"models.":[203,223,320],"model":[205],"dramatically":[208],"but":[209],"questions":[210],"revolve":[212],"around":[213],"current":[215],"state,":[216],"essential":[220],"Practical":[224],"implications":[225],"Although":[227],"various":[228],"models":[229],"developed":[232],"explain":[234],"trajectories":[236],"such":[238],"growth,":[239],"access":[244],"network":[247],"financial":[251],"forms":[252],"support,":[254],"patented":[255],"knowledge":[256],"creation,":[257],"inter-firm":[259],"partnerships":[260],"are":[261,285],"crucial.":[262],"Originality/value":[263],"value":[266],"defines":[272],"three":[273],"history":[279],"USA":[282],"defining":[283],"consistent":[286],"success.":[290],"addition,":[292],"concerning":[295],"serves":[299],"as":[300],"revealing":[310]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
