{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016755802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00080-3","title":"Recognition of microbial infection by Toll-like receptors","display_name":"Recognition of microbial infection by Toll-like receptors","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016755802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00080-3","mag":"2016755802","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12900270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00080-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00080-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00080-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170047187","display_name":"Current Opinion in Immunology","issn_l":"0952-7915","issn":["0952-7915","1879-0372"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Opinion in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2016755802"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062214686","display_name":"Elizabeth B. Kopp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2642-0126","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2642-0126"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Kopp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040597705","display_name":"Ruslan M. Medzhitov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-2012","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-2012"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruslan Medzhitov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040597705"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":{"value":4410,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4410},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3286,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":555,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97875956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"396","last_page":"401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10371","display_name":"Immune Response and Inflammation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10371","display_name":"Immune Response and Inflammation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11078","display_name":"Inflammasome and immune disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11403","display_name":"Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toll-like-receptors","display_name":"Toll-like receptors","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbial-infection","display_name":"microbial infection","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innate-immunity","display_name":"innate immunity","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myd88","display_name":"MyD88","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tirap","display_name":"TIRAP","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trif","display_name":"TRIF","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irf3","display_name":"IRF3","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-gene-expression","display_name":"antiviral gene expression","score":0.875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43929388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4050587","display_name":"TRIF","level":5,"score":0.9820395708084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136449434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253","display_name":"Innate immune system","level":3,"score":0.6653489470481873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780209191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14914339","display_name":"IRF3","level":4,"score":0.6633712649345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183786373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5964993","display_name":"Signal transducing adaptor protein","level":3,"score":0.6433183550834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5878305435180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.5817106366157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.5722991228103638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.5694500803947449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776709828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408004","display_name":"Toll-like receptor","level":4,"score":0.5384196639060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111289621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418772","display_name":"Pattern recognition receptor","level":4,"score":0.5254175662994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9173399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6046461","display_name":"Interferon regulatory factors","level":4,"score":0.48729193210601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.4541163444519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.4495019018650055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.44751712679862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.3438056707382202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.14296388626098633}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000943","descriptor_name":"Antigens, Differentiation","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007239","descriptor_name":"Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007239","descriptor_name":"Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008562","descriptor_name":"Membrane Glycoproteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011956","descriptor_name":"Receptors, Cell Surface","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011971","descriptor_name":"Receptors, Immunologic","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015398","descriptor_name":"Signal Transduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D048868","descriptor_name":"Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051193","descriptor_name":"Toll-Like Receptors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053594","descriptor_name":"Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00080-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00080-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00080-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170047187","display_name":"Current Opinion in Immunology","issn_l":"0952-7915","issn":["0952-7915","1879-0372"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Opinion in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12900270","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12900270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current opinion in immunology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489330398","https://openalex.org/W1499978168","https://openalex.org/W1508237796","https://openalex.org/W1519843522","https://openalex.org/W1525912444","https://openalex.org/W1558382152","https://openalex.org/W1793115003","https://openalex.org/W1915121024","https://openalex.org/W1965971815","https://openalex.org/W1966772446","https://openalex.org/W1967269498","https://openalex.org/W1968336033","https://openalex.org/W1972776583","https://openalex.org/W1989352504","https://openalex.org/W1990698093","https://openalex.org/W1991236592","https://openalex.org/W1996120614","https://openalex.org/W1996573346","https://openalex.org/W2001740313","https://openalex.org/W2004773897","https://openalex.org/W2005570998","https://openalex.org/W2013601771","https://openalex.org/W2015415445","https://openalex.org/W2025412364","https://openalex.org/W2036747221","https://openalex.org/W2043981380","https://openalex.org/W2068419165","https://openalex.org/W2070597700","https://openalex.org/W2089938437","https://openalex.org/W2092250990","https://openalex.org/W2098901296","https://openalex.org/W2101292818","https://openalex.org/W2101363646","https://openalex.org/W2116933950","https://openalex.org/W2117888940","https://openalex.org/W2122746019","https://openalex.org/W2127642399","https://openalex.org/W2130166758","https://openalex.org/W2130322182","https://openalex.org/W2134224958","https://openalex.org/W2141040025","https://openalex.org/W2141150979","https://openalex.org/W2144821737","https://openalex.org/W2145564764","https://openalex.org/W2148387062","https://openalex.org/W2153328681","https://openalex.org/W2156788946","https://openalex.org/W2159613168","https://openalex.org/W2159631294","https://openalex.org/W2167059596","https://openalex.org/W2170252293","https://openalex.org/W4241949506","https://openalex.org/W4248219898"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154239819","https://openalex.org/W2035327965","https://openalex.org/W2076680794","https://openalex.org/W2116766330","https://openalex.org/W1967821522","https://openalex.org/W2157339124","https://openalex.org/W2059565732","https://openalex.org/W2158540915","https://openalex.org/W1593381337"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":32}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}