{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016703187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304338","title":"Improving the cost-effectiveness of photographic screening for diabetic macular oedema: a prospective, multi-centre, UK study","display_name":"Improving the cost-effectiveness of photographic screening for diabetic macular oedema: a prospective, multi-centre, UK study","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016703187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304338","mag":"2016703187","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24682180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304338","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019856434","display_name":"Gordon J. Prescott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-2361","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-2361"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Prescott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109406938","display_name":"P. Sharp","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Sharp","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056169096","display_name":"Keith A. Goatman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1379-1860","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1379-1860"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith Goatman","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052750790","display_name":"Graham Scotland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5539-8819","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5539-8819"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graham Scotland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091247625","display_name":"Alan Fleming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0642-7331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0642-7331"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Fleming","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","University of Aberdeen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aberdeen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061031289","display_name":"Sam Philip","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6164-211X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6164-211X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800600548","display_name":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary","ror":"https://ror.org/02q49af68","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800600548","https://openalex.org/I4210093322"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Philip","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grampian Diabetes Research Unit, Diabetes Centre, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grampian Diabetes Research Unit, Diabetes Centre, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800600548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089840035","display_name":"Roger T. Staff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0620-8673","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0620-8673"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093322","display_name":"NHS Grampian","ror":"https://ror.org/00ma0mg56","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093322"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Staff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Physics, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK","NHS Grampian"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Physics, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NHS Grampian","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104039316","display_name":"Cynthia Santiago","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800600548","display_name":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary","ror":"https://ror.org/02q49af68","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800600548","https://openalex.org/I4210093322"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Santiago","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eye Out-patient Department, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK","Aberdeen Royal Infirmary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eye Out-patient Department, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800600548"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800600548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002109189","display_name":"Shyamanga Borooah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2970-045X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2970-045X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801159425","display_name":"Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion","ror":"https://ror.org/00jz7d133","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324252669","https://openalex.org/I2801159425"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shyamanga Borooah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK","Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801159425"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801159425"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065500132","display_name":"Deborah Broadbent","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3195-5024","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3195-5024"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802775644","display_name":"Royal Liverpool University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ycr6b80","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802729160","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah Broadbent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool Diabetes Eye Centre, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK","Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool","Liverpool Diabetes Eye Centre, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool Diabetes Eye Centre, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool Diabetes Eye Centre, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100734385","display_name":"Victor N. Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7693-522X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7693-522X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147381","display_name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bh287","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147381"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford, UK","Oxford Eye Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Eye Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108080786","display_name":"Paul M Dodson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","display_name":"Aston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j0ve876","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104666","display_name":"Heartlands Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01bd5gh54","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104666"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Dodson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heartlands Hospital & Aston University, Birmingham, UK","Heartlands Hospital & Aston University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heartlands Hospital & Aston University, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169199633","https://openalex.org/I4210104666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heartlands Hospital & Aston University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169199633","https://openalex.org/I4210104666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072357388","display_name":"Simon Peter Harding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-1158","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-1158"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802775644","display_name":"Royal Liverpool University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ycr6b80","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802729160","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Harding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool Diabetes Eye Centre, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK","Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool","Liverpool Diabetes Eye Centre, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool Diabetes Eye Centre, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool Diabetes Eye Centre, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002074294","display_name":"Graham Leese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0570-5678","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0570-5678"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802526638","display_name":"Ninewells Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/039c6rk82","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800860831","https://openalex.org/I2802526638"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graham Leese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK","Ninewells Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802526638"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ninewells Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802526638"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052845336","display_name":"Roly D. Megaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-4540","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-4540"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801159425","display_name":"Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion","ror":"https://ror.org/00jz7d133","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324252669","https://openalex.org/I2801159425"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roly Megaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK","Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801159425"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801159425"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052383923","display_name":"Caroline Styles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6515-1032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6515-1032","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8823-341X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803095903","display_name":"Queen Margaret Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/054ekwz94","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803037235","https://openalex.org/I2803095903"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Styles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Margaret Hospital, Dunfermline, UK","Queen Margaret Hospital;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Margaret Hospital, Dunfermline, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803095903"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Margaret Hospital;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803095903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076147281","display_name":"Ken Swa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319760190","display_name":"National Health Service Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04za2st18","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319760190"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Swa","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Services Division, NHS National Services, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Services Division, NHS National Services, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319760190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114251873","display_name":"Helen Wharton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104666","display_name":"Heartlands Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01bd5gh54","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104666"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helen Wharton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham and Black Country Diabetic Eye Screening Programme, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK","Heartlands Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham and Black Country Diabetic Eye Screening Programme, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heartlands Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"John Olson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093322","display_name":"NHS Grampian","ror":"https://ror.org/00ma0mg56","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093322"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Olson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grampian Retinal Screening Programme, Aberdeen, UK","Grampian Retinal Screening Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grampian Retinal Screening Programme, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grampian Retinal Screening Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093322"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093322"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4359,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91026576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"98","issue":"8","first_page":"1042","last_page":"1049"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.5351999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.5351999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.41530001163482666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.016499999910593033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-macular-edema","display_name":"diabetic macular edema","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-screening","display_name":"retinal screening","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus-photography","display_name":"fundus photography","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-grading","display_name":"automated grading","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"optical coherence tomography","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-effectiveness","display_name":"cost-effectiveness","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-adjusted-life-years","display_name":"quality-adjusted life years","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screening-test-sensitivity-and-specificity","display_name":"screening sensitivity and specificity","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/england-and-scotland-comparison","display_name":"England and Scotland comparison","score":0.6899999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8579617738723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.723332941532135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.6723818778991699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6668411493301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.629218339920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.6061784029006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781116099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3842207","display_name":"Maculopathy","level":4,"score":0.4821419417858124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.4582980275154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.3414666950702667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.33853891491889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.21623530983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008269","descriptor_name":"Macular Edema","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008269","descriptor_name":"Macular Edema","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008403","descriptor_name":"Mass Screening","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008403","descriptor_name":"Mass Screening","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019057","descriptor_name":"Quality-Adjusted Life Years","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058996","descriptor_name":"Quality Improvement","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304338","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24682180","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24682180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British journal of ophthalmology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:clok.uclan.ac.uk:25109","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-2361>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402361","display_name":"CLOK (University of Central Lancashire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185852735","host_organization_name":"University of Lancashire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.aston.ac.uk:26226","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/26226/1/ISMO_manuscript.doc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400483","display_name":"Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","host_organization_name":"Aston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aura.abdn.ac.uk:2164/4265","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2164/4265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400966","display_name":"Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","host_organization_name":"University of Aberdeen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:discovery.dundee.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/eb65f75c-d81c-4499-901a-9d3e97783e26","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/84905112725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400523","display_name":"Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","host_organization_name":"University of Dundee","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Prescott, G, Sharp, P, Goatman, K, Scotland, G, Fleming, A, Philip, S, Staff, R, Santiago, C, Borooah, S, Broadbent, D, Chong, V, Dodson, P, Harding, S, Leese, G, Megaw, R, Styles, C, Swa, K, Wharton, H & Olson, J 2014, 'Improving the cost-effectiveness of photographic screening for diabetic macular oedema : a prospective, multi-centre, UK study', British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 98, no. 8, pp. 1042-1049. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304338","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:bjophthalmol:98/8/1042","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bjo.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/98/8/1042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85469694","https://openalex.org/W313369389","https://openalex.org/W1578810619","https://openalex.org/W1910720848","https://openalex.org/W1975553413","https://openalex.org/W1977490811","https://openalex.org/W1980994260","https://openalex.org/W1982179488","https://openalex.org/W2002725667","https://openalex.org/W2010913334","https://openalex.org/W2025147339","https://openalex.org/W2035646659","https://openalex.org/W2037189695","https://openalex.org/W2044194438","https://openalex.org/W2060148437","https://openalex.org/W2061382057","https://openalex.org/W2062393305","https://openalex.org/W2068336290","https://openalex.org/W2109662030","https://openalex.org/W2132683124","https://openalex.org/W2145491883","https://openalex.org/W2157058018","https://openalex.org/W2181958131","https://openalex.org/W2230199620","https://openalex.org/W4233230329","https://openalex.org/W4234024524","https://openalex.org/W6832264174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3091263047","https://openalex.org/W1972930110","https://openalex.org/W2140542365","https://openalex.org/W6987079859","https://openalex.org/W2994177032","https://openalex.org/W4401843452","https://openalex.org/W2914574968","https://openalex.org/W2145491883","https://openalex.org/W1948483866","https://openalex.org/W2081870210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND/AIMS:":[0],"Retinal":[1,227],"screening":[2,228,236],"programmes":[3,229],"in":[4,66,219,230],"England":[5],"and":[6,16,45,103,107,114,140,150,244],"Scotland":[7],"have":[8],"similar":[9],"photographic":[10],"grading":[11,44,109,174,180],"schemes":[12,110],"for":[13,26,73,189],"background":[14],"(non-proliferative)":[15],"proliferative":[17],"diabetic":[18,33,130],"retinopathy,":[19],"but":[20,196],"diverge":[21],"over":[22],"maculopathy.":[23],"We":[24],"looked":[25],"the":[27,40,93,96,202,231,235],"most":[28],"cost-effective":[29],"method":[30],"of":[31,42,92,95,138,142,148,152,159,187,211,242],"identifying":[32],"macular":[34,131],"oedema":[35],"from":[36,57],"retinal":[37],"photographs":[38],"including":[39],"role":[41],"automated":[43,108,173],"optical":[46,100,212],"coherence":[47,101,213],"tomography,":[48,214],"a":[49,136,146,156,184,190],"technology":[50],"that":[51],"directly":[52],"visualises":[53],"oedema.":[54],"METHODS:":[55],"Patients":[56],"seven":[58],"UK":[59,232],"centres":[60],"were":[61,71,111,116,124,127],"recruited.":[62],"The":[63,209],"following":[64],"features":[65],"at":[67,201],"least":[68],"one":[69,81,87],"eye":[70],"required":[72],"enrolment:":[74],"microaneurysms/dot":[75],"haemorrhages":[76,79],"or":[77,84,88],"blot":[78],"within":[80,86],"disc":[82,90],"diameter,":[83],"exudates":[85],"two":[89],"diameters":[91],"centre":[94],"macula.":[97],"Subjects":[98],"had":[99,135,145],"tomography":[102],"digital":[104],"photography.":[105],"Manual":[106],"evaluated.":[112],"Costs":[113],"QALYs":[115],"modelled":[117],"using":[118],"microsimulation":[119],"techniques.":[120],"RESULTS:":[121],"3540":[122],"patients":[123],"recruited,":[125],"3170":[126],"analysed.":[128],"For":[129],"oedema,":[132],"England's":[133,194],"scheme":[134,169],"sensitivity":[137,147],"72.6%":[139],"specificity":[141,151],"66.8%;":[143],"Scotland's":[144,168],"59.5%":[149],"79.0%.":[153],"When":[154],"applying":[155],"ceiling":[157],"ratio":[158],"\u00a330,000":[160],"per":[161],"quality":[162],"adjusted":[163],"life":[164],"years":[165],"(QALY)":[166],"gained,":[167],"was":[170,197],"preferred.":[171],"Assuming":[172],"could":[175],"be":[176],"implemented":[177],"without":[178,222],"increasing":[179],"costs,":[181],"automation":[182],"produced":[183],"greater":[185],"number":[186],"QALYS":[188],"lower":[191],"cost":[192,199,220],"than":[193],"scheme,":[195,217],"not":[198],"effective,":[200],"study's":[203],"operating":[204],"point,":[205],"compared":[206],"with":[207],"Scotland's.":[208],"addition":[210],"to":[215,238],"each":[216],"resulted":[218],"savings":[221],"reducing":[223],"health":[224],"benefits.":[225],"CONCLUSIONS:":[226],"should":[233],"reconsider":[234],"pathway":[237],"make":[239],"best":[240],"use":[241],"existing":[243],"new":[245],"technologies.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
