{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016607291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198801073180104","title":"Effect of Nicotine Chewing Gum in Combination with Group Counseling on the Cessation of Smoking","display_name":"Effect of Nicotine Chewing Gum in Combination with Group Counseling on the Cessation of Smoking","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016607291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198801073180104","mag":"2016607291","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3336380"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1056/nejm198801073180104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198801073180104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198801073180104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62468778","display_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","issn_l":"0028-4793","issn":["0028-4793","0096-6762","1533-4406","2331-4710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320239","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Medical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320239"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Massachusetts Medical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2016607291"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074256236","display_name":"Philip T\u00f8nnesen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7351-5115","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7351-5115"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802582725","display_name":"Gentofte Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/051dzw862","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip T\u00f8nnesen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark","Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036090859","display_name":"Vibeke Fryd","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802582725","display_name":"Gentofte Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/051dzw862","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vibeke Fryd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michael Hansen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802582725","display_name":"Gentofte Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/051dzw862","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Hansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024970891","display_name":"Jacob Helsted","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802582725","display_name":"Gentofte Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/051dzw862","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Helsted","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029133151","display_name":"Anne Birgitte Gunnersen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802582725","display_name":"Gentofte Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/051dzw862","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Birgitte Gunnersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047541101","display_name":"Hans Forchammer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802582725","display_name":"Gentofte Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/051dzw862","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans Forchammer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074675845","display_name":"Mette Stockner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802582725","display_name":"Gentofte Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/051dzw862","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mette Stockner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen. Address reprint requests to Dr. T\u00f8nnesen at Rudolph Berghs Gade 20, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":39.6658,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":224,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9986529,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"318","issue":"1","first_page":"15","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11633","display_name":"Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-gum","display_name":"nicotine gum","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-cessation","display_name":"smoking cessation","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-counseling","display_name":"group counseling","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-dependence","display_name":"nicotine dependence","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-dose","display_name":"nicotine dose","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-replacement-therapy","display_name":"nicotine replacement therapy","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-abstinence","display_name":"smoking abstinence","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/placebo-effect","display_name":"placebo effect","score":0.9139999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778887763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4348342","display_name":"Nicotine gum","level":4,"score":0.9388651251792908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7976374626159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210978","display_name":"Abstinence","level":2,"score":0.7765835523605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552","display_name":"Nicotine","level":2,"score":0.761576771736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992086647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130878","display_name":"Chewing gum","level":2,"score":0.6476944088935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.6260250210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777843972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2462253","display_name":"Smoking cessation","level":2,"score":0.6145995855331421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776319443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421177","display_name":"Cotinine","level":3,"score":0.4347769618034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778647338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18553444","display_name":"Nicotine dependence","level":3,"score":0.4139636158943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3100595474243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.1544661521911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.11031809449195862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002638","descriptor_name":"Chewing Gum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003376","descriptor_name":"Counseling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004305","descriptor_name":"Dose-Response Relationship, Drug","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004311","descriptor_name":"Double-Blind Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006126","descriptor_name":"Group Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009538","descriptor_name":"Nicotine","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011897","descriptor_name":"Random Allocation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1056/nejm198801073180104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198801073180104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198801073180104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62468778","display_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","issn_l":"0028-4793","issn":["0028-4793","0096-6762","1533-4406","2331-4710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320239","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Medical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320239"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Massachusetts Medical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:3336380","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3336380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The New England journal of medicine","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial"},{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542399800","https://openalex.org/W1605068042","https://openalex.org/W1973330518","https://openalex.org/W1984282135","https://openalex.org/W2006930810","https://openalex.org/W2035639403","https://openalex.org/W2040616879","https://openalex.org/W2041217776","https://openalex.org/W2056242904","https://openalex.org/W2057368536","https://openalex.org/W2063021458","https://openalex.org/W2069121409","https://openalex.org/W2075691867","https://openalex.org/W2090233207","https://openalex.org/W2113827163","https://openalex.org/W2257312497","https://openalex.org/W2403573302","https://openalex.org/W4229902132","https://openalex.org/W4250732656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2607499109","https://openalex.org/W2081214010","https://openalex.org/W4250732656","https://openalex.org/W2040616879","https://openalex.org/W1989130292","https://openalex.org/W2104066996","https://openalex.org/W1605068042","https://openalex.org/W2110595322","https://openalex.org/W2075691867"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,22],"studied":[1],"the":[2,24,60,85,119,145,160,174,184,191,196,208,237,245,248,253,263],"effectiveness":[3,264],"of":[4,53,71,79,99,144,152,162,181,193,215,247,265,284],"chewing":[5],"gum":[6,67,95,107,148,177,211,251,255,267,286],"containing":[7,68,96,149,178,212],"nicotine,":[8],"in":[9,115,232,287],"combination":[10],"with":[11,88,186,244],"group":[12,116,185],"counseling,":[13],"for":[14,173,207,225,241],"subjects":[15,146,175,209],"who":[16,295],"were":[17,39,65,93,154,164,199,234],"attempting":[18,297],"to":[19,32,50,271,280,293,298],"stop":[20,299],"smoking.":[21,300],"used":[23],"Horn-Russell":[25],"scale,":[26],"based":[27],"on":[28,35,44],"a":[29,56,105,272],"smoking":[30],"questionnaire,":[31],"measure":[33],"dependence":[34,92],"cigarettes;":[36],"173":[37],"smokers":[38,64,87,112],"grouped":[40],"as":[41,47],"highly":[42,62,120],"dependent":[43,63,121],"nicotine":[45,72,80,100,153,216,250,266,285],"or":[46,76,90,104,188],"having":[48],"medium":[49,89,187],"low":[51,91,189],"degrees":[52],"dependence.":[54],"In":[55,118,183],"randomized":[57],"double-blind":[58],"study,":[59],"60":[61],"given":[66,94,147,176,210,227],"4":[69,150],"mg":[70,78,98,151,180,214],"(n":[73,81,101,108],"=":[74,82,102,109],"27)":[75],"2":[77,97,179,213],"33),":[83],"and":[84,134,141,169,204,217,222,275],"113":[86],"60)":[103],"placebo":[106,228,254,273],"53).":[110],"All":[111],"took":[113],"part":[114],"counseling.":[117],"group,":[122],"abstinence":[123,163,194],"from":[124],"cigarettes":[125],"was":[126],"chemically":[127],"verified":[128],"after":[129,156,195],"six":[130],"weeks,":[131],"one":[132,257],"year,":[133],"two":[135],"years;":[136],"81.5":[137],"percent,":[138,140,166,168,171,201,203,219,221],"44.4":[139],"33.3":[142],"percent":[143,206,224,239],"abstinent":[155],"those":[157,226],"follow-up":[158],"periods;":[159],"rates":[161,192],"54.5":[165],"12.1":[167],"6.1":[170],"respectively,":[172],"nicotine.":[182],"dependence,":[190],"same":[197],"periods":[198],"73.3":[200],"38.3":[202],"28.3":[205],"41.5":[218],"22.6":[220],"9.4":[223],"gum.":[229],"The":[230,282],"differences":[231],"outcomes":[233],"significant":[235],"at":[236,256],"5":[238],"level":[240],"all":[242],"comparisons,":[243],"exception":[246],"2-mg":[249],"versus":[252],"year.":[258],"This":[259],"study":[260],"indicates":[261],"that":[262,276],"is":[268,278],"not":[269],"due":[270],"effect":[274],"it":[277],"related":[279],"dose.":[281],"use":[283],"appropriate":[288],"doses":[289],"should":[290],"be":[291],"helpful":[292],"persons":[294],"are":[296]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}