{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016454264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0051","title":"Beyond Grade Inflation: Grading Problems in Higher Education (review)","display_name":"Beyond Grade Inflation: Grading Problems in Higher Education (review)","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016454264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0051","mag":"2016454264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/rhe.2006.0051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186832212","display_name":"Review of higher education/The review of higher education","issn_l":"0162-5748","issn":["0162-5748","1090-7009"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Review of Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"book-review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002734619","display_name":"Valen E. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8659-4772","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8659-4772"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valen E Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002734619"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"76","last_page":"77"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11039","display_name":"Evaluation of Teaching Practices","score":0.6226000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11039","display_name":"Evaluation of Teaching Practices","score":0.6226000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.18809999525547028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.05389999970793724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-inflation","display_name":"grade inflation","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-evaluations-of-teaching","display_name":"student evaluations of teaching","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading-criteria","display_name":"grading criteria","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/faculty-incentives","display_name":"faculty incentives","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-distribution","display_name":"grade distribution","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education-evaluation","display_name":"higher education assessment","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading-reform","display_name":"grading reform","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-performance-measurement","display_name":"student performance measurement","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-choice-of-courses","display_name":"student choice of courses","score":0.46700000762939453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781463719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002022","display_name":"Grade inflation","level":3,"score":0.9474595785140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.8071173429489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5581769347190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.5037490725517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200941418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508","display_name":"Inflation (cosmology)","level":2,"score":0.4456685483455658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4134593605995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24780356884002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1048048734664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.07249975204467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/rhe.2006.0051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186832212","display_name":"Review of higher education/The review of higher education","issn_l":"0162-5748","issn":["0162-5748","1090-7009"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Review of Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/203464","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/203464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1581540609","https://openalex.org/W290980093","https://openalex.org/W2890478370","https://openalex.org/W2992212455","https://openalex.org/W1968364143","https://openalex.org/W7160693589","https://openalex.org/W4282966857","https://openalex.org/W1860129289","https://openalex.org/W1525485436","https://openalex.org/W3030016111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reviewed":[0],"by:":[1],"Beyond":[2,16,42],"Grade":[3,17,43,141,168,217],"Inflation:":[4,18],"Grading":[5,19],"Problems":[6,20],"in":[7,21,79,149,187,313,343,376],"Higher":[8,22,25],"Education":[9,26],"Valen":[10],"Johnson":[11],"(bio)":[12],"Shouping":[13,118],"Hu":[14],"(Ed.).":[15],"Education.":[23],"ASHE":[24],"Report,":[27],"Vol.":[28],"30,":[29],"No.":[30],"6.":[31],"San":[32],"Francisco:":[33],"Jossey-Bass,":[34],"2005.":[35],"120":[36],"pp.":[37],"Paper:":[38],"$26.00.":[39],"ISBN:":[40],"0-7879-8078-1.":[41],"Inflationcan":[44],"be":[45,74,117,441,495,644],"regarded":[46],"as":[47],"an":[48,398,402],"extended":[49],"review":[50],"article":[51],"which":[52,176,634],"surveys":[53],"recent":[54,77],"issues":[55],"on":[56,386],"the":[57,80,87,110,145,191,195,210,221,235,245,256,296,307,336,355,377,431,433,451,477,544,585,595,607,653,668],"topic":[58],"of":[59,69,82,90,95,113,121,127,173,194,202,212,238,244,258,267,288,301,306,357,360,372,383,405,417,438,445,473,479,503,528,543,551,568,609,620,637,655,664],"grade":[60,91,96,122,132,134,136,139,155,160,292,311,388,487,553,556,577,611,636],"inflation.":[61,293,488],"Among":[62],"its":[63],"important":[64],"contributions":[65],"are":[66,617,672],"a":[67,107,125,159,171,213,252,411,415,457,549,565,630,635,661],"discussion":[68,550,563,592],"demographic":[70,572],"variables":[71,573],"thought":[72],"to":[73,105,144,183,220,255,275,366,401,468,497,532,548,561,606,679],"associated":[75],"with":[76],"trends":[78],"distributions":[81],"college":[83,150,259,322,649,656],"grades,":[84,175],"evidence":[85],"supporting":[86],"very":[88],"existence":[89],"inflation,":[92,97,135],"potential":[93],"causes":[94,287],"and":[98,138,291,408,420,482,484,570,599,623,667],"possible":[99],"remedies":[100,346],"for":[101,181,199,231,273,310,505,530],"it.":[102],"In":[103,588],"addition":[104],"providing":[106],"useful":[108],"review,":[109],"primary":[111,242,308],"innovation":[112],"this":[114,393,425,491,516,562,591],"book":[115,246,283,337,545],"might":[116,575],"Hu's":[119],"disaggregation":[120],"inflation":[123,156,312,554],"into":[124],"number":[126],"constituent":[128],"pieces.":[129],"These":[130],"include":[131],"increase,":[133],"compression,":[137],"disparity.":[140],"increase":[142,161,557],"refers":[143,219],"(possibly)":[146],"increasing":[147,174],"trend":[148],"grades":[151,230,330,466,616,659],"over":[152,430],"time,":[153],"while":[154],"occurs":[157],"if":[158],"is":[162,170,233,247,370,455,546,564,604,629,676],"unwarranted":[163],"by":[164],"higher":[165,192],"student":[166,188,239,299,358,381,436,471,501,526,569,598,621,665,673],"performance.":[167],"compression":[169],"consequence":[172],"presumably":[177],"makes":[178],"it":[179],"difficult":[180],"faculty":[182,274,323,493,531,571,600],"accurately":[184],"report":[185,209],"differences":[186],"performance":[189,196,211],"at":[190,580,584],"end":[193],"spectrum.":[197],"When,":[198],"example,":[200],"30%":[201,406],"students":[203,326,419,462],"get":[204,328],"A's,":[205,407],"how":[206,392],"does":[207,338],"one":[208,305,371,499],"truly":[214],"outstanding":[215],"student?":[216],"disparity":[218,250],"fact":[222],"that":[223,248,325,397,410,446,461,511,574,627],"different":[224,229],"professors":[225,460],"often":[226],"award":[227],"drastically":[228],"what":[232],"essentially":[234,677],"same":[236],"level":[237],"achievement.":[240],"A":[241,317,638],"conclusion":[243],"grading":[249,278,289,352,650],"\"is":[251],"serious":[253],"threat":[254],"integrity":[257],"grading.":[260],"It":[261,535,675],"not":[262,339,374],"only":[263],"affects":[264],"students'":[265],"choice":[266],"courses":[268],"but":[269],"also":[270,456,537],"provides":[271],"incentives":[272,523],"lower":[276],"their":[277],"standards\"":[279],"(pp.":[280],"42-43).":[281],"The":[282],"correctly":[284],"identifies":[285],"several":[286],"disparities":[290,353],"\"Among":[294],"all":[295],"suggested":[297],"causes,":[298],"evaluation":[300,502],"teaching":[302,384,439,448,504,529],"has":[303,558],"become":[304],"reasons":[309],"colleges\"":[314],"(p.":[315],"55).":[316],"perception":[318,458],"exists":[319],"among":[320,459],"many":[321,373,581],"members":[324],"who":[327,463,625],"high":[329],"return":[331],"favorable":[332],"course":[333],"evaluations.":[334],"However,":[335],"go":[340],"far":[341],"enough":[342],"recommending":[344],"plausible":[345],"[End":[347],"Page":[348],"76]for":[349],"correcting":[350],"either":[351],"or":[354,509,555,641,652],"misinterpretation":[356],"evaluations":[359,382,437,472,527],"teaching.":[361],"Relatively":[362],"simple":[363,517],"solutions":[364],"exist":[365],"both":[367],"problems.":[368],"Here":[369],"discussed":[375],"book:":[378],"Selectively":[379],"exclude":[380,498],"based":[385],"observed":[387,579],"distributions.":[389],"To":[390,489],"see":[391],"idea":[394],"works,":[395],"suppose":[396,409],"institution":[399],"agrees":[400],"upper":[403],"boundary":[404],"particular":[412],"professor":[413,426],"teaches":[414],"class":[416],"100":[418],"awards":[421],"32":[422],"A's.":[423],"Because":[424],"awarded":[427],"two":[428,434],"A's":[429],"limit,":[432],"best":[435],"would":[440,520,536],"excluded":[442],"from":[443,525],"summaries":[444],"professor's":[447],"assessment.":[449],"On":[450],"other":[452],"hand,":[453],"there":[454,628],"earn":[464],"low":[465],"tend":[467],"submit":[469],"negative":[470,500],"teaching,":[474],"thus":[475],"discouraging":[476],"assignment":[478],"C's,":[480],"D's,":[481],"F's":[483],"indirectly":[485],"fostering":[486],"counter":[490],"notion,":[492],"should":[494],"permitted":[496],"every":[506],"C,":[507],"D,":[508],"F":[510],"they":[512],"award.":[513],"By":[514],"itself,":[515],"selection":[518],"process":[519],"largely":[521],"eliminate":[522],"derived":[524],"inflate":[533],"grades.":[534,657],"significantly":[538],"alter":[539],"classroom":[540],"dynamics.":[541],"Much":[542],"devoted":[547],"whether":[552,610],"occurred.":[559,614],"Central":[560],"detailed":[566],"examination":[567],"explain":[576],"increases":[578,612],"colleges,":[582],"particularly":[583],"elite":[586],"universities.":[587],"my":[589],"opinion,":[590],"completely":[593],"misses":[594],"mark.":[596],"Whether":[597],"demographics":[601],"have":[602,613],"changed":[603],"irrelevant":[605],"question":[608],"College":[615,658],"subjective":[618],"measures":[619],"performance,":[622,666],"anyone":[624],"thinks":[626],"historical":[631],"anchor":[632],"upon":[633],"(or":[639],"B":[640],"C)":[642],"can":[643],"chained":[645],"simply":[646],"doesn't":[647],"understand":[648],"practices":[651],"purpose":[654],"represent":[660],"comparative":[662],"measure":[663],"relevant":[669],"comparison":[670],"groups":[671],"contemporaries.":[674],"impossible":[678],"compare":[680],"the...":[681]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}