{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016403914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236032000140131","title":"The state of English as a global language: communicating culture","display_name":"The state of English as a global language: communicating culture","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016403914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236032000140131","mag":"2016403914"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/0950236032000140131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236032000140131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236032000140131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146642094","display_name":"Textual Practice","issn_l":"0950-236X","issn":["0950-236X","1470-1308"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Textual Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037245112","display_name":"Martin A. Kayman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin A. Kayman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037245112"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9596,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96833992,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13795","display_name":"Language, Communication, and Linguistic Studies","score":0.5224999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13795","display_name":"Language, Communication, and Linguistic Studies","score":0.5224999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12658","display_name":"Language and Culture","score":0.18379999697208405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.09690000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-global-language","display_name":"English as a global language","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-language-teaching","display_name":"English language teaching","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-imperialism","display_name":"cultural imperialism","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-and-culture","display_name":"language and culture","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lingua-franca","display_name":"lingua franca","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postcolonialism","display_name":"postcolonialism","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postnationalism","display_name":"postnationalism","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-policy","display_name":"language policy","score":0.33799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.6183754205703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.5564810037612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5514824390411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159789966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80839","display_name":"Lingua franca","level":2,"score":0.5401841998100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.5104355216026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778749631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5570927","display_name":"Globality","level":3,"score":0.48023563623428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4650344252586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781397288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1405881","display_name":"Deterritorialization","level":2,"score":0.45787709951400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378181","display_name":"Sociology of language","level":4,"score":0.44892898201942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779707719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063239","display_name":"Polity","level":3,"score":0.4470243752002716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3656836152076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2927866280078888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123960582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455196","display_name":"Language education","level":2,"score":0.2724778652191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.217182457447052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20404714345932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.16603511571884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.1496829390525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.10600626468658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/0950236032000140131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236032000140131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236032000140131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146642094","display_name":"Textual Practice","issn_l":"0950-236X","issn":["0950-236X","1470-1308"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Textual Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:78839","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/78839/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7203814150","https://openalex.org/W429229141","https://openalex.org/W4206552110","https://openalex.org/W4212820059","https://openalex.org/W74996641","https://openalex.org/W4234900408","https://openalex.org/W2111467509","https://openalex.org/W102173483","https://openalex.org/W7170034862","https://openalex.org/W7161612462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,158],"so-called":[1],"\u2018spread\u2019":[2],"of":[3,24,39,52,70,90,118,136,147,153,156,160,176,179,183],"English":[4,26,49,148],"around":[5],"the":[6,22,57,67,83,88,122,126,133,140,145,151,174,180],"world":[7],"has":[8,48,142],"been":[9],"associated":[10],"historically":[11],"with":[12],"British":[13],"and,":[14],"latterly,":[15],"American":[16],"cultural":[17,54,68],"imperialism.":[18],"And":[19],"yet,":[20],"in":[21,74,87,93,132,165],"context":[23],"globalisation,":[25],"is":[27,169,171],"now":[28],"being":[29],"reconstructed":[30],"as":[31],"a":[32,36,75],"culturally-neutral":[33],"lingua":[34],"franca,":[35],"universal":[37],"means":[38],"communication":[40,161],"desired":[41],"and":[42,62,111,130,150],"appropriated":[43],"by":[44],"all":[45],"users.":[46],"(How)":[47],"freed":[50],"itself":[51],"its":[53,96,99],"weight?":[55],"Given":[56],"traditional":[58],"relation":[59,94,127],"between":[60,128],"language":[61,71,129,137],"national":[63,186],"sovereignty,":[64],"how":[65,104],"might":[66],"polity":[69],"be":[72],"constituted":[73],"post-colonial,":[76],"possibly":[77],"post-national":[78],"world?":[79],"This":[80],"article":[81,123],"traces":[82],"major":[84],"historical":[85],"moves":[86],"theorising":[89],"English,":[91],"particularly":[92],"to":[95,173],"teaching,":[97],"on":[98,125],"path":[100],"towards":[101],"globality,":[102],"analysing":[103],"successive":[105],"theories":[106],"have":[107],"located":[108],"culture":[109,114,131,163],"in,":[110],"subsequently":[112],"displaced":[113],"from,":[115],"their":[116],"models":[117],"language.":[119],"In":[120],"conclusion,":[121],"focuses":[124],"communicative":[134],"model":[135],"that,":[138],"since":[139],"1970s,":[141],"accompanied":[143],"both":[144],"expansion":[146],"teaching":[149],"development":[152],"new":[154],"technologies":[155],"communication.":[157],"priority":[159],"over":[162],"articulated":[164],"this":[166],"model,":[167],"it":[168],"argued,":[170],"central":[172],"promotion":[175],"globalisation\u2019s":[177],"utopia":[178],"unobstructed":[181],"flow":[182],"messages":[184],"across":[185],"borders.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}