{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016390416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/10595421311319834","title":"Intellectual capital: company's invisible source of competitive advantage","display_name":"Intellectual capital: company's invisible source of competitive advantage","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016390416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/10595421311319834","mag":"2016390416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/10595421311319834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/10595421311319834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/10595421311319834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226649","display_name":"Competitiveness Review An International Business Journal incorporating Journal of Global Competitiveness","issn_l":"1059-5422","issn":["1059-5422","2051-3143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061113062","display_name":"Nixon Kamukama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9929-3402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9929-3402"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nixon Kamukama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Accounting, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Accounting, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061113062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9966,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":131,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97339654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"260","last_page":"283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11849","display_name":"Intellectual Capital and Performance Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11849","display_name":"Intellectual Capital and Performance Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12815","display_name":"Management and Organizational Practices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-capital","display_name":"intellectual capital","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-advantage","display_name":"competitive advantage","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microfinance-institutions","display_name":"microfinance institutions","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-capital","display_name":"structural capital","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-capital","display_name":"relational capital","score":0.9990000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58546491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207","display_name":"Competitive advantage","level":2,"score":0.8270888328552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780838347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329252","display_name":"Intellectual capital","level":2,"score":0.8188518285751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.6705686450004578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28129649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926217","display_name":"Microfinance","level":2,"score":0.6623218059539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779313860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625013","display_name":"Structural capital","level":5,"score":0.6186231374740601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779445257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310710","display_name":"Relational capital","level":3,"score":0.6179639101028442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.5182435512542725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4843648374080658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.48270606994628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4823733866214752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.47190552949905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.441636323928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4290095269680023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57495647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295385","display_name":"Economic capital","level":3,"score":0.3956024646759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63545947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10958910","display_name":"Individual capital","level":4,"score":0.3908418118953705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.35808536410331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.15841028094291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1387089490890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.11823609471321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.09436720609664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09124612808227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.07562300562858582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/10595421311319834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/10595421311319834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/10595421311319834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226649","display_name":"Competitiveness Review An International Business Journal incorporating Journal of Global Competitiveness","issn_l":"1059-5422","issn":["1059-5422","2051-3143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.48510000109672546,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57200251","https://openalex.org/W206960006","https://openalex.org/W286295083","https://openalex.org/W330107497","https://openalex.org/W1493152184","https://openalex.org/W1505999675","https://openalex.org/W1518732113","https://openalex.org/W1526245674","https://openalex.org/W1529317675","https://openalex.org/W1556397042","https://openalex.org/W1556867621","https://openalex.org/W1565400870","https://openalex.org/W1566172004","https://openalex.org/W1573234480","https://openalex.org/W1579732355","https://openalex.org/W1585991731","https://openalex.org/W1591891602","https://openalex.org/W1595326414","https://openalex.org/W1598959554","https://openalex.org/W1841820628","https://openalex.org/W1891625382","https://openalex.org/W1966961298","https://openalex.org/W1988133955","https://openalex.org/W1997613364","https://openalex.org/W1999493438","https://openalex.org/W2004512536","https://openalex.org/W2009477252","https://openalex.org/W2012627382","https://openalex.org/W2015395422","https://openalex.org/W2022109314","https://openalex.org/W2023218082","https://openalex.org/W2028048721","https://openalex.org/W2037579429","https://openalex.org/W2040741661","https://openalex.org/W2043736668","https://openalex.org/W2044758663","https://openalex.org/W2045997031","https://openalex.org/W2047159813","https://openalex.org/W2053158058","https://openalex.org/W2055034160","https://openalex.org/W2055703814","https://openalex.org/W2061977616","https://openalex.org/W2071049576","https://openalex.org/W2071554452","https://openalex.org/W2085563972","https://openalex.org/W2089170325","https://openalex.org/W2089924892","https://openalex.org/W2094647114","https://openalex.org/W2099020749","https://openalex.org/W2102281489","https://openalex.org/W2102469678","https://openalex.org/W2106062935","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2108327228","https://openalex.org/W2113537253","https://openalex.org/W2117942482","https://openalex.org/W2123709218","https://openalex.org/W2124876393","https://openalex.org/W2132912892","https://openalex.org/W2134083539","https://openalex.org/W2134791316","https://openalex.org/W2135873917","https://openalex.org/W2137266665","https://openalex.org/W2138623387","https://openalex.org/W2139690494","https://openalex.org/W2147278355","https://openalex.org/W2152116604","https://openalex.org/W2154989446","https://openalex.org/W2159013703","https://openalex.org/W2160172778","https://openalex.org/W2160449301","https://openalex.org/W2162635596","https://openalex.org/W2166420453","https://openalex.org/W2168560555","https://openalex.org/W2171969523","https://openalex.org/W2247095457","https://openalex.org/W2328831975","https://openalex.org/W2480680997","https://openalex.org/W2490828666","https://openalex.org/W2494033181","https://openalex.org/W2543890346","https://openalex.org/W2718261013","https://openalex.org/W2888190061","https://openalex.org/W2897982828","https://openalex.org/W3124536214","https://openalex.org/W3134216515","https://openalex.org/W4230807026","https://openalex.org/W4255850512","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6634024652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7111294741","https://openalex.org/W1966961298","https://openalex.org/W2047388831","https://openalex.org/W2062433690","https://openalex.org/W3205599730","https://openalex.org/W4247839048","https://openalex.org/W7220092473","https://openalex.org/W4240859746","https://openalex.org/W7208807876","https://openalex.org/W2939657740"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"The":[1,159],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,12,44,74,84,91,152,161,170,203],"this":[4],"paper":[5],"is":[6,176,192],"to":[7,16,21,25,47,52,81,132,148,165],"examine":[8,149],"the":[9,23,53,66,95,135,138,150,168,174,179,187,193,200],"individual":[10,201],"contribution":[11],"intellectual":[13,27,68,171,204],"capital":[14,28,69,110,172,205],"elements":[15,29,70,206],"competitive":[17,32,75,87,98,180,208],"advantage.":[18,88],"It":[19],"aims":[20],"explore":[22],"extent":[24],"which":[26],"can":[30],"explain":[31],"advantage":[33,76,99,209],"in":[34,86,93,97,173,210],"Uganda's":[35],"microfinance":[36,162,212],"industry.":[37,213],"Design/methodology/approach":[38],"Hierarchical":[39],"regression":[40],"was":[41,122],"used":[42],"because":[43],"its":[45],"capacity":[46],"indicate":[48],"precisely":[49],"what":[50],"happens":[51],"model":[54],"as":[55],"different":[56],"predictor":[57],"variables":[58,154],"are":[59,71,141,185],"introduced.":[60],"Findings":[61],"This":[62,191],"study":[63,140,195],"confirms":[64],"that":[65,167,184,196],"three":[67],"strong":[72],"predictors":[73],"and":[77,111,124,181],"they":[78],"account":[79],"up":[80],"44":[82],"percent":[83],"variance":[85,96],"Their":[89],"order":[90],"importance":[92],"explaining":[94],"(basing":[100],"on":[101,198,207],"their":[102],"standardized":[103],"beta":[104],"values)":[105],"is:":[106],"structural":[107],"capital,":[108],"human":[109],"relational":[112],"capital.":[113],"Research":[114],"limitations/implications":[115],"Only":[116],"a":[117],"single":[118],"research":[119,126,144],"methodological":[120],"approach":[121],"employed":[123],"future":[125,143],"through":[127],"interviews":[128],"could":[129],"be":[130,146],"undertaken":[131,147],"triangulate.":[133],"Furthermore,":[134],"findings":[136],"from":[137],"present":[139],"cross\u2010sectional,":[142],"should":[145],"effects":[151],"these":[153],"across":[155],"time.":[156],"Practical":[157],"implications":[158],"managers":[160],"firms":[163],"need":[164],"appreciate":[166],"rise":[169],"industry":[175],"unavoidable,":[177],"given":[178],"technological":[182],"forces":[183],"sweeping":[186],"twenty\u2010first":[188],"century.":[189],"Originality/value":[190],"first":[194],"focuses":[197],"testing":[199],"influence":[202],"Uganda":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}