{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016388117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1039/b809519a","title":"Contribution of unburned lubricating oil and gasoline-derived n-alkanes to particulate emission from non-catalyst and catalyst-equipped two-stroke mopeds operated with synthetic lubricating oil","display_name":"Contribution of unburned lubricating oil and gasoline-derived n-alkanes to particulate emission from non-catalyst and catalyst-equipped two-stroke mopeds operated with synthetic lubricating oil","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016388117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1039/b809519a","mag":"2016388117","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19244644"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1039/b809519a","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1039/b809519a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/b809519a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139641095","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Monitoring","issn_l":"1464-0325","issn":["1464-0325","1464-0333"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320556","host_organization_name":"Royal Society of Chemistry","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320556"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society of Chemistry"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Monitoring","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037615738","display_name":"P. Spezzano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0056-9689","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0056-9689"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110120368","display_name":"National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02an8es95","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154942","display_name":"ENEA Frascati Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01026pq66","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pasquale Spezzano","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENEA, CR Frascati, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy. spezzano@frascati.enea.it","ENEA, CR Frascati, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via E. Fermi 45,Frascati,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENEA, CR Frascati, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy. spezzano@frascati.enea.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENEA, CR Frascati, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via E. Fermi 45,Frascati,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110120368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018854263","display_name":"Paolo Picini","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110120368","display_name":"National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02an8es95","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154131","display_name":"ENEA Casaccia Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02khqd465","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154131"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Picini","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENEA, CR Casaccia, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via Anguillarese 301, S.M. di Galeria, Rome, Italy","ENEA, CR Casaccia, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via Anguillarese 301,S.M. di Galeria,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENEA, CR Casaccia, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via Anguillarese 301, S.M. di Galeria, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154131"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENEA, CR Casaccia, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via Anguillarese 301,S.M. di Galeria,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154131"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024832583","display_name":"Dario Cataldi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110120368","display_name":"National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02an8es95","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154942","display_name":"ENEA Frascati Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01026pq66","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dario Cataldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENEA, CR Frascati, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, Rome, Italy","ENEA, CR Frascati, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via E. Fermi 45,Frascati,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENEA, CR Frascati, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENEA, CR Frascati, Environment, global change and sustainable development Department, Via E. Fermi 45,Frascati,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110120368"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037615738"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8205,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81991111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"10","first_page":"1202","last_page":"1202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.8720999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.8720999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13990","display_name":"Engine and Fuel Emissions","score":0.08160000294446945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.039799999445676804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-alkanes","display_name":"n-alkanes","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particulate-emissions","display_name":"particulate emissions","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-lubricants","display_name":"synthetic lubricants","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ester-based-lubricants","display_name":"ester-based lubricants","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gasoline-engine-emissions","display_name":"gasoline engine emissions","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-air-injection","display_name":"secondary air injection","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-injection","display_name":"direct injection","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carburetor","display_name":"carburetor","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-legislation","display_name":"emission legislation","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.7792667150497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103697071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39558","display_name":"Gasoline","level":2,"score":0.7225392460823059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.620334804058075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206787392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152323","display_name":"Two-stroke engine","level":3,"score":0.5753521919250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899016","display_name":"Hydrodesulfurization","level":3,"score":0.5297703742980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.49817633628845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778727938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653807","display_name":"Catalytic converter","level":3,"score":0.4214032292366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.41768383979797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3465063273906708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3246611952781677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3077772259712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.27191370725631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.14942795038223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11300581693649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511840579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000473","descriptor_name":"Alkanes","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000473","descriptor_name":"Alkanes","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001335","descriptor_name":"Vehicle Emissions","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005742","descriptor_name":"Gasoline","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007219","descriptor_name":"Industrial Oils","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008401","descriptor_name":"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009049","descriptor_name":"Motorcycles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013696","descriptor_name":"Temperature","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D052638","descriptor_name":"Particulate Matter","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054327","descriptor_name":"Lubricants","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1039/b809519a","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1039/b809519a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/b809519a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139641095","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Monitoring","issn_l":"1464-0325","issn":["1464-0325","1464-0333"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320556","host_organization_name":"Royal Society of Chemistry","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320556"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society of Chemistry"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Monitoring","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19244644","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19244644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583898178","https://openalex.org/W1965399927","https://openalex.org/W1977054857","https://openalex.org/W1988007455","https://openalex.org/W1992281705","https://openalex.org/W1997230324","https://openalex.org/W1997491098","https://openalex.org/W2008269801","https://openalex.org/W2009909922","https://openalex.org/W2010797737","https://openalex.org/W2012183573","https://openalex.org/W2012257663","https://openalex.org/W2016935109","https://openalex.org/W2028785901","https://openalex.org/W2029228030","https://openalex.org/W2031775232","https://openalex.org/W2032696717","https://openalex.org/W2042947610","https://openalex.org/W2058496694","https://openalex.org/W2062609292","https://openalex.org/W2117319469","https://openalex.org/W2150639361"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2253761760","https://openalex.org/W2020515047","https://openalex.org/W1965399927","https://openalex.org/W2244626412","https://openalex.org/W2027610718","https://openalex.org/W1964128317","https://openalex.org/W2267911894","https://openalex.org/W2996889279","https://openalex.org/W1976749518","https://openalex.org/W2077665451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigated":[2],"the":[3,54,58,95,124,169,210,218,221,239],"contribution":[4,89],"of":[5,44,57,90,123,132,157,168,177,195,241],"unburned":[6,91,114,134,200,232],"lubricating":[7,27,92,115,135,201,233],"oil":[8,93,116,136,202,234],"and":[9,17,49,83,99,137,147,159,187,197,203,228],"gasoline-derived":[10],"n-alkanes":[11,138,204,246],"to":[12,40,94,209],"particulate":[13,30,133,245],"emission":[14,45,153,205,235],"from":[15,33,127,139],"non-catalyst":[16,140],"catalyst-equipped":[18,163],"two-stroke":[19],"(2-S)":[20],"mopeds":[21,38,66,142,176,243],"operated":[22],"with":[23,78,185,207,226,252],"ester-based,":[24],"fully":[25],"synthetic":[26],"oil.":[28],"Exhaust":[29],"matter":[31],"(PM)":[32],"ten":[34],"2-S,":[35],"50":[36],"cm3":[37],"belonging":[39],"three":[41],"different":[42,178],"levels":[43],"legislation":[46],"(EURO-0,":[47],"EURO-1":[48,164,215,258],"EURO-2)":[50],"was":[51,67,97],"collected":[52],"during":[53],"sampling":[55],"phase":[56],"ECE":[59],"47":[60],"driving":[61],"cycle":[62],"through":[63],"which":[64],"each":[65],"driven":[68],"on":[69,173],"a":[70,119,192],"dynamometer":[71],"bench.":[72],"Filters":[73],"containing":[74],"PM":[75,96,125],"were":[76,143,155,180,247],"extracted":[77],"an":[79],"accelerated":[80],"solvent":[81],"extractor":[82],"analysed":[84],"by":[85,101],"gas-chromatography/mass":[86],"spectrometry.":[87],"The":[88,109,166],"ascertained":[98],"quantified":[100],"exploiting":[102],"characteristic":[103],"ions":[104],"in":[105,238],"its":[106],"mass":[107],"spectrum.":[108],"experimental":[110],"results":[111,167],"show":[112],"that":[113],"accounted":[117],"for":[118,162,199,214,256],"significant":[120],"fraction":[121],"(4.7-38.7%)":[122],"emitted":[126,248],"2-S":[128],"mopeds.":[129,165,216,259],"Emission":[130],"rates":[131,154,206,236,250],"EURO-0":[141,242],"15.4-56.2":[144],"mg":[145,149],"km(-1)":[146],"1-2":[148],"km(-1),":[150],"respectively.":[151],"These":[152],"reduced":[156],"75%":[158],"88%,":[160],"respectively,":[161],"tests":[170],"carried":[171],"out":[172],"two":[174],"EURO-2":[175,183,223],"technology":[179],"contrasting.":[181],"A":[182],"moped":[184],"carburettor":[186],"secondary":[188],"air":[189],"injection":[190],"exhibited":[191],"clear":[193],"reduction":[194],"95%":[196],"88%":[198],"respect":[208],"average":[211],"values":[212,254],"observed":[213,255],"On":[217],"other":[219],"hand,":[220],"second":[222],"moped,":[224],"equipped":[225],"catalyst":[227,257],"direct":[229],"injection,":[230],"had":[231],"roughly":[237],"range":[240],"while":[244],"at":[249],"comparable":[251],"typical":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}