{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016387172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01863.x","title":"RISK, RATIONALITY, AND RELIGIOUS PORTFOLIOS","display_name":"RISK, RATIONALITY, AND RELIGIOUS PORTFOLIOS","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016387172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01863.x","mag":"2016387172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01863.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01863.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01863.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206615888","display_name":"Economic Inquiry","issn_l":"0043-3640","issn":["0043-3640","0095-2583","1465-7295"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economic Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077611537","display_name":"Laurence R. Iannaccone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-6818","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-6818"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"LAURENCE R. IANNACCONE","raw_affiliation_strings":["*Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA. Early drafts of this paper were presented at the meetings of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, November 1991, the American Economic Association, January 1992 and the Western Economic Association, June 1992. I am indebted to many colleagues for encouragement and suggestions, particularly Douglas Allen, Corry Azzi, Gary Becker, Thomas Borcherding, Timur Kuran, John Lott, John Murray, S. Ramachandran, Rodney Stark, Gordon Winston and two anonymous reviewers. This research was supported in part by a grant (#90\u20130004) from the Lilley Endowment's Louisville Institute for the Study of Protestantism and American Culture"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA. Early drafts of this paper were presented at the meetings of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, November 1991, the American Economic Association, January 1992 and the Western Economic Association, June 1992. I am indebted to many colleagues for encouragement and suggestions, particularly Douglas Allen, Corry Azzi, Gary Becker, Thomas Borcherding, Timur Kuran, John Lott, John Murray, S. Ramachandran, Rodney Stark, Gordon Winston and two anonymous reviewers. This research was supported in part by a grant (#90\u20130004) from the Lilley Endowment's Louisville Institute for the Study of Protestantism and American Culture","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077611537"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":39.2286,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":161,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99577561,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"2","first_page":"285","last_page":"295"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13150","display_name":"Study and Philosophy of Religion","score":0.33149999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13150","display_name":"Study and Philosophy of Religion","score":0.33149999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.14749999344348907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11507","display_name":"Religion and Society Interactions","score":0.08980000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-behavior","display_name":"religious behavior","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-organizations","display_name":"religious organizations","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-reduction","display_name":"risk mitigation","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-commitment","display_name":"religious commitment","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-production","display_name":"collective production","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exclusivity","display_name":"exclusivity","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-production","display_name":"private production","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sectarianism","display_name":"sectarianism","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-religion","display_name":"Western religion","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asian-religions","display_name":"Asian religions","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-age-movement","display_name":"New Age","score":0.9039999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201717286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938185","display_name":"Rationality","level":2,"score":0.7923640012741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5966626405715942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5798702239990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5411829352378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46728381514549255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.445814847946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.43073537945747375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4057329297065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.34728676080703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.33927157521247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.19591102004051208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.18869614601135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.17932066321372986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.12109944224357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08969169855117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08364036679267883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01863.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01863.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01863.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206615888","display_name":"Economic Inquiry","issn_l":"0043-3640","issn":["0043-3640","0095-2583","1465-7295"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economic Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4699999988079071}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W611181383","https://openalex.org/W1967683058","https://openalex.org/W1967744753","https://openalex.org/W1988702976","https://openalex.org/W1999909080","https://openalex.org/W1999915608","https://openalex.org/W2017909559","https://openalex.org/W2034069507","https://openalex.org/W2064062304","https://openalex.org/W2077678266","https://openalex.org/W2085385208","https://openalex.org/W2086888884","https://openalex.org/W2091919178","https://openalex.org/W2102813049","https://openalex.org/W2104608458","https://openalex.org/W2325167630","https://openalex.org/W2330985761","https://openalex.org/W2980268108","https://openalex.org/W4213065463","https://openalex.org/W4301800123","https://openalex.org/W4302043808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036160639","https://openalex.org/W4360871757","https://openalex.org/W4206462190","https://openalex.org/W7100955573","https://openalex.org/W1912876968","https://openalex.org/W923727353","https://openalex.org/W2298860450","https://openalex.org/W4385806550","https://openalex.org/W7077915553","https://openalex.org/W1994845460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"derives":[2],"a":[3],"theory":[4],"of":[5,33,44],"religious":[6,23],"behavior":[7],"and":[8,41,53,69],"organization":[9],"from":[10],"the":[11,18,64,74],"assumption":[12],"that":[13],"people":[14],"seek":[15],"to":[16,30],"limit":[17],"risk":[19,26],"associated":[20],"with":[21],"their":[22,59],"activities.":[24],"Alternative":[25],"reduction":[27],"strategies":[28],"lead":[29],"different":[31],"styles":[32],"religion:":[34],"one":[35],"centering":[36,47],"on":[37,48],"collective":[38,65],"production,":[39,50],"exclusivity,":[40],"high":[42],"levels":[43],"commitment;":[45],"another":[46],"private":[49],"diversified":[51],"consumption,":[52],"fee\u2010for\u2010service":[54],"transactions.":[55],"Western":[56],"religions,":[57],"particularly":[58],"more":[60],"sectarian":[61],"forms,":[62],"exemplify":[63],"style,":[66],"whereas":[67],"Asian":[68],"New":[70],"Age":[71],"religions":[72],"approximate":[73],"private.":[75]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
