{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016370458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00302.x","title":"Intellectual Property Rights in Bilateral Investment Treaties and Access to Medicines: The Case of Latin America","display_name":"Intellectual Property Rights in Bilateral Investment Treaties and Access to Medicines: The Case of Latin America","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016370458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00302.x","mag":"2016370458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00302.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00302.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00302.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S51653728","display_name":"The Journal of World Intellectual Property","issn_l":"1422-2213","issn":["1422-2213","1747-1796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of World Intellectual Property","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087467766","display_name":"Rosa Castro Bernieri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rosa Castro Bernieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bologna University","Bologna Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bologna University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bologna Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087467766"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4533,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97305411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"5","first_page":"548","last_page":"572"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.6255000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.6255000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12040","display_name":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","score":0.29100000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.022600000724196434,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"intellectual property","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilateral-investment-treaties","display_name":"bilateral investment treaties","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-medicines","display_name":"access to medicines","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-patents","display_name":"pharmaceutical patents","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trips-agreement","display_name":"TRIPS Agreement","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doha-declaration","display_name":"Doha Declaration","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-pricing","display_name":"drug pricing","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latin-america","display_name":"Latin America","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment-protection","display_name":"investment protection","score":0.7440000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.9015717506408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157085824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2384809","display_name":"TRIPS architecture","level":2,"score":0.7597755193710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780454388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331647","display_name":"TRIPS Agreement","level":3,"score":0.641587495803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5699678659439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.556640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5428211688995361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35532855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200435","display_name":"Free trade","level":2,"score":0.44854986667633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4273759424686432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.42672422528266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138147947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183659","display_name":"Declaration","level":2,"score":0.4261268675327301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.40857261419296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.3611820936203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3513176143169403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24094551801681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.23181357979774475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.10662218928337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00302.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00302.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00302.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S51653728","display_name":"The Journal of World Intellectual Property","issn_l":"1422-2213","issn":["1422-2213","1747-1796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of World Intellectual Property","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1959626999","https://openalex.org/W1988424124","https://openalex.org/W2075807259","https://openalex.org/W2109091879","https://openalex.org/W2122455755","https://openalex.org/W2134096304","https://openalex.org/W2153271473","https://openalex.org/W2167695549","https://openalex.org/W2170403098","https://openalex.org/W2227904383","https://openalex.org/W2771839199","https://openalex.org/W3121638822","https://openalex.org/W3121881716","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2236267847","https://openalex.org/W7099239545","https://openalex.org/W2153271473","https://openalex.org/W7113112665","https://openalex.org/W143362574","https://openalex.org/W7135928529","https://openalex.org/W3197989491","https://openalex.org/W2904894251","https://openalex.org/W3215803268","https://openalex.org/W7043181995"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,74,103,160],"link":[1],"between":[2,69],"intellectual":[3,140,176],"property":[4,141,177],"protection":[5],"and":[6,29,58,72,94,109,136,157,178,182,219],"access":[7],"to":[8,34,52,86],"medicines":[9],"has":[10],"been":[11],"studied":[12],"from":[13,185],"different":[14],"perspectives.":[15],"After":[16],"signing":[17],"the":[18,39,43,91,96,101,106,110,119,149,186,204],"Trade-Related":[19],"Aspects":[20],"of":[21,45,98,115,118,138,154,171,180,222,226],"Intellectual":[22],"Property":[23],"Rights":[24],"(TRIPS)":[25],"Agreement,":[26,105],"most":[27],"developing":[28],"least":[30],"developed":[31],"countries":[32],"agreed":[33],"protect":[35],"pharmaceutical":[36],"products":[37],"under":[38],"patent":[40,75],"system.":[41],"Beyond":[42],"criticisms":[44],"this":[46,124,146,223],"system":[47,76],"as":[48],"an":[49],"incentive":[50],"mechanism":[51],"encourage":[53],"private":[54],"investment":[55,163,190],"in":[56,130,198,202,228],"research":[57],"development,":[59],"it":[60],"is":[61,82,152],"widely":[62],"acknowledged":[63],"that":[64,174],"a":[65,195],"balance":[66,206],"must":[67],"exist":[68],"its":[70],"benefits":[71],"costs.":[73],"interaction":[77],"with":[78],"public":[79],"health":[80],"policies":[81],"twofold:":[83],"providing":[84],"incentives":[85],"develop":[87],"new":[88,155,169,196,224],"medicines,":[89,99],"on":[90,100,113],"one":[92,201,211],"hand,":[93],"increasing":[95],"prices":[97],"other.":[102],"TRIPS":[104],"Doha":[107,120],"Declaration":[108,121],"subsequent":[111],"Decision":[112],"Implementation":[114],"Paragraph":[116],"6":[117],"all":[122],"recognized":[123],"important":[125],"trade-off.":[126],"Different":[127],"effects":[128],"prevail":[129],"each":[131],"interest":[132],"group":[133],"or":[134],"country":[135],"negotiations":[137],"international":[139],"right":[142],"(IPR)":[143],"standards":[144],"reflect":[145],"conflict.":[147],"Nevertheless,":[148],"post-TRIPS":[150],"scenario":[151],"full":[153],"bilateral":[156,162],"regional":[158],"agreements.":[159],"old":[161],"treaties":[164],"(BITS)":[165],"are":[166],"evolving":[167],"towards":[168,210],"forms":[170],"all-encompassing":[172],"arrangements":[173],"include":[175],"liberalization":[179],"trade":[181],"services,":[183],"apart":[184],"classical":[187],"rules":[188],"for":[189],"protection.":[191],"This":[192,213],"trend":[193],"imposes":[194],"landscape":[197],"IPR":[199],"protection:":[200],"which":[203],"above-described":[205],"might":[207],"be":[208],"inclining":[209],"side.":[212],"article":[214],"analyzes":[215],"some":[216],"legal,":[217],"political":[218],"economic":[220],"features":[221],"generation":[225],"BITS":[227],"Latin":[229],"America.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}