{"id":"https://openalex.org/W201633746","doi":null,"title":"Track Gap: Policy Implications of User Expectations for the 'Do Not Track' Internet Privacy Feature","display_name":"Track Gap: Policy Implications of User Expectations for the 'Do Not Track' Internet Privacy Feature","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W201633746","mag":"201633746"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:201633746","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1993133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1993133","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113582683","display_name":"Aleecia M. McDonald","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleecia M. McDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016120217","display_name":"Jon M. Peha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4915-306X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4915-306X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon M. Peha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/do-not-track","display_name":"Do Not Track","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-privacy","display_name":"online privacy","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-expectations","display_name":"user expectations","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-behavioral-advertising","display_name":"online behavioral advertising","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/targeted-advertising","display_name":"targeted advertising","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-trust","display_name":"user trust","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-preferences","display_name":"privacy preferences","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection-practices","display_name":"data collection practices","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7224729061126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.6284401416778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.6135153770446777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5351755023002625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.49301955103874207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.49211424589157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.48793765902519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.44849681854248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.26005661487579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:201633746","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1993133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:201633746","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1993133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6962657748","https://openalex.org/W7095212154","https://openalex.org/W3017964718","https://openalex.org/W3121235488","https://openalex.org/W167321575","https://openalex.org/W2981441252","https://openalex.org/W1749059571","https://openalex.org/W2308625414","https://openalex.org/W1917845668","https://openalex.org/W7098650138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"new":[1],"Do":[2,28,56,158,180,218,227,246,299,310,367,412,422,432,468,507,547,621,630,641,675,716,832],"Not":[3,29,57,159,181,219,228,247,300,311,368,389,413,423,433,469,508,548,622,631,642,676,717,833],"Track":[4,30,58,160,182,220,229,301,312,369,434,549,632,643,677,718,834],"features":[5],"provide":[6],"ways":[7,751,814],"for":[8,21,32,105,114,131,188,226,242,366,467,498,596,620,682,715,866],"Internet":[9,564],"users":[10,90,118,162,189,196,297,331,403,454,481,628],"to":[11,66,93,121,127,152,163,168,190,197,269,327,338,444,556,571,590,601,617,678,692,738,752,775,782,790,793,815,874,881],"opt":[12],"out":[13],"of":[14,88,142,172,176,202,233,236,286,288,346,401,430,462,506,579,592,627,640,650,672,702,732,764,807,871],"some":[15],"online":[16,80,770],"data":[17,104,129,143,304,316,402,416,494,523,526,536,635,647,656,680,691,704,867],"use":[18,485,681],"and":[19,35,112,123,149,276,291,318,351,353,409,415,419,446,451,471,479,497,594,637,658,719,769,799,830],"collection":[20,305,317,524,527,537,868],"certain":[22],"purposes.":[23],"Privacy":[24],"advocates":[25],"have":[26,137],"discussed":[27],"(DNT)":[31],"several":[33],"years,":[34],"DNT":[36,64,558,608,615,653,662,696,739,789,801],"gained":[37],"momentum":[38],"after":[39,410,420],"an":[40,185,267,378,532,894],"FTC":[41,257,828],"staff":[42],"report":[43],"requested":[44],"comments":[45],"on":[46,216,531,646,666,848,864],"the":[47,173,199,234,237,256,272,323,344,347,399,456,463,474,543,580,606,613,651,720,727,805,845,886],"idea":[48],"in":[49,60,74,91,222,254,314,393,517,745,885],"December,":[50],"2010.":[51],"Three":[52],"web":[53,395],"browsers":[54],"implemented":[55,797],"solutions":[59],"March,":[61],"2011.":[62],"While":[63],"pertains":[65],"more":[67],"than":[68,625,669],"just":[69],"advertising,":[70,445],"it":[71,722],"was":[72],"motivated":[73],"part":[75,870],"by":[76,133,156],"privacy":[77,120,192,259,495,767],"concerns":[78],"around":[79,818],"behavioral":[81,86],"advertising":[82],"(OBA).":[83],"Advertisers":[84,136,554],"build":[85],"profiles":[87],"individual":[89,786],"order":[92],"serve":[94],"targeted":[95],"ads,":[96,330,686],"plus":[97],"also":[98,501,604],"collect":[99],"what":[100,217,342,382,431,800,820],"may":[101,332,355],"be":[102,169,184,333,358,406],"identical":[103,315],"other":[106,493,813],"purposes":[107],"including":[108,145,766,823],"fraud":[109],"prevention,":[110],"analytics,":[111],"billing":[113],"ad":[115,687],"impressions.":[116],"Some":[117],"prefer":[119],"personalization":[122],"take":[124],"technical":[125,174,200],"measures":[126],"block":[128,572],"collection,":[130,144,636,657],"example":[132],"deleting":[134],"cookies.":[135],"tried":[138],"increasingly":[139],"esoteric":[140],"means":[141,221,302,803],"Flash":[146],"cookies":[147,514],"(LSOs)":[148],"cache":[150],"cookies,":[151],"avoid":[153],"being":[154,724],"blocked":[155],"users.":[157,778],"enables":[161],"express":[164],"a":[165,204,243,284,292,371,383,394,439,546,670,709,730,861,872],"preference":[166,550],"not":[167,698],"tracked":[170],"regardless":[171],"details":[175,201],"tracking":[821],"mechanisms.":[178],"Ideally,":[179],"will":[183,559,663],"easy":[186],"way":[187,721],"make":[191],"choices":[193],"without":[194],"requiring":[195],"master":[198],"half":[203,626],"dozen":[205],"very":[206],"different":[207,521],"technologies.":[209],"Yet":[210],"all":[211,303,503,634],"three":[212,235,464,504,520],"browser":[213,465,544],"implementations":[214,238,466,475,505,616,654,743],"differ":[215],"practice.One":[223],"potential":[224],"problem":[225],"is":[230,266,283,341,343,538,723,835,844],"that":[231,356,644,740],"none":[232],"meet":[239],"user":[240,289,364,373,618,713,760],"expectations":[241,250,275,350,365,619,714,865],"feature":[244],"named":[245],"Track.":[248,424,509,623],"Users\u2019":[249],"are":[251,263,280,476,773],"key":[252],"components":[253],"how":[255,354,449,452,795],"evaluates":[258],"practices.":[260],"If":[261,278],"differences":[262,279],"slight,":[264],"there":[265,282],"opportunity":[268],"communicate":[270],"over":[271],"gap":[273,348,357,711],"between":[274,349,712],"reality.":[277],"large,":[281],"risk":[285],"loss":[287],"trust":[290],"backlash.":[293],"For":[294],"example,":[295],"if":[296,473,480,487],"expect":[298],"stops,":[306,525],"but":[307,320,529,577],"then":[308,426,459],"discover":[309],"results":[313,707],"analysis":[319],"simply":[321],"changes":[322,737],"ads":[324],"they":[325,483,796],"see":[326],"less":[328],"relevant":[329],"surprised.":[334],"The":[335],"central":[336],"question":[337,380],"our":[339],"research":[340],"nature":[345],"reality,":[352],"addressed?To":[359],"answer":[360],"this":[361,843,849],"we":[362,490,811,841],"studied":[363],"through":[370,551],"large-scale":[372],"survey.":[374],"We":[375,397,425,458,735,749,779],"began":[376],"with":[377,442,685,729,747,755,893],"open-ended":[379],"asking":[381],"mocked":[384],"up":[385],"button":[386],"labeled":[387],"\u201cDo":[388],"Track\u201d":[390],"would":[391,484],"do":[392],"browser.":[396],"investigated":[398],"types":[400],"believe":[404,629],"can":[405,515],"collected":[407],"before":[408,418],"clicking":[411,421],"Track,":[414,470],"uses":[417,605],"posed":[427],"hypothetical":[428],"descriptions":[429],"might":[435],"mean":[436],"while":[437],"visiting":[438],"website,":[440],"or":[441,535,689],"regard":[443],"ask":[447],"both":[448],"likely":[450,664],"desirable":[453],"find":[455],"hypotheticals.":[457],"described":[460],"each":[461,560],"asked":[472,491],"expected,":[477],"liked,":[478],"think":[482],"them":[486],"offered.":[488],"Finally":[489],"about":[492],"practices":[496],"demographic":[499],"data.We":[500],"compared":[502],"In":[510,540,599],"Google\u2019s":[511],"Chrome,":[512],"opt-out":[513],"result":[516],"at":[518],"least":[519],"outcomes:":[522],"continues":[528],"only":[530],"aggregated":[533],"basis,":[534],"unchanged.":[539],"Mozilla\u2019s":[541],"Firefox,":[542],"sends":[545],"HTTP":[552],"headers.":[553],"choosing":[555],"honor":[557],"define":[561],"tracking.":[562],"Microsoft\u2019s":[563],"Explorer":[565],"has":[566,583,853],"Tracking":[567],"Protection":[568],"Lists":[569],"(TPLs)":[570],"content":[574],"from":[575,785,860],"loading,":[576],"one":[578],"TPL":[581,597],"authors":[582],"favored":[584],"their":[585,808],"own":[586],"member":[587],"companies,":[588],"leading":[589],"questions":[591],"transparency":[593],"intent":[595],"creators.":[598],"addition":[600],"TPL,":[602],"Microsoft":[603],"same":[607],"headers":[609],"Mozilla":[610],"uses.We":[611],"contrast":[612],"current":[614,652],"More":[624],"stops":[633],"reject":[638],"definitions":[639],"rely":[645,665],"aggregation.":[648,667],"None":[649],"preclude":[655],"many":[659],"websites":[660],"implementing":[661],"Less":[668],"quarter":[671],"participants":[673],"expected":[674],"allow":[679,783,791],"counting":[683],"interactions":[684],"demographics,":[688],"reporting":[690],"law":[693],"enforcement,":[694],"when":[695],"does":[697],"specifically":[699],"bar":[700],"any":[701],"these":[703],"uses.":[705],"Our":[706],"suggest":[708],"large":[710],"implemented.We":[725],"conclude":[726],"paper":[728,852],"discussion":[731],"policy":[733],"implications.":[734],"consider":[736],"could":[741,758],"bring":[742],"closer":[744],"line":[746],"expectations.":[748,761],"discuss":[750,780,812],"improve":[753],"communications":[754],"users,":[756],"which":[757],"change":[759],"Common":[762],"methods":[763],"communication,":[765],"polices":[768],"help":[771],"files,":[772],"unlikely":[774],"reach":[776],"most":[777],"approaches":[781],"communication":[784],"companies":[787,792],"honoring":[788],"indicate":[794],"DNT,":[798],"support":[802],"within":[804],"context":[806],"organization.":[809],"Last,":[810],"establish":[816],"norms":[817],"defining":[819],"means,":[822],"standards":[824],"bodies,":[825],"self-regulatory":[826],"mechanisms,":[827],"regulation,":[829],"legislation.Because":[831],"so":[836],"new,":[837],"as":[838,840],"far":[839],"know":[842],"first":[846],"scholarship":[847],"topic.":[850],"This":[851],"been":[854],"neither":[855],"presented":[856],"nor":[857],"published.":[858],"Results":[859],"pilot":[862],"study":[863],"were":[869],"presentation":[873],"Yale":[875],"Law":[876],"School\u2019s":[877],"\u201cFrom":[878],"Mad":[879,882],"Men":[880],"Bots:":[883],"Advertising":[884],"Digital":[887],"Age\u201d":[888],"conference,":[889],"March":[890],"25-26":[891],"2011,":[892],"accompanying":[895],"short":[896],"paper.":[897]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:32:53.992493","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}