{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016302489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","title":"Virtual electrodes in cardiac tissue: a common mechanism for anodal and cathodal stimulation","display_name":"Virtual electrodes in cardiac tissue: a common mechanism for anodal and cathodal stimulation","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016302489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","mag":"2016302489","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8599628","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1236459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98085912","display_name":"Biophysical Journal","issn_l":"0006-3495","issn":["0006-3495","1542-0086"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2016302489"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027130614","display_name":"John P. Wikswo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-1530","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-1530"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.P. Wikswo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA. wikswojp/ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA. wikswojp/ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030241912","display_name":"Shien\u2010Fong Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1270-3961","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1270-3961"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.F. Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042429911","display_name":"Roua Abbas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.A. Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.2477,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":356,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98731415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"6","first_page":"2195","last_page":"2210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10217","display_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias","score":0.8895999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10217","display_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias","score":0.8895999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10598","display_name":"Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies","score":0.05559999868273735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11217","display_name":"Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments","score":0.020999999716877937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-electrodes","display_name":"virtual electrodes","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myocardium","display_name":"myocardium","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anodal-stimulation","display_name":"anodal stimulation","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cathodal-stimulation","display_name":"cathodal stimulation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidomain-model","display_name":"bidomain model","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-potential","display_name":"membrane potential","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracellular-stimulation","display_name":"extracellular stimulation","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-anisotropy","display_name":"electrical anisotropy","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excitation-propagation","display_name":"excitation propagation","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epifluorescence-imaging","display_name":"epifluorescence imaging","score":0.7580000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778674958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4904213","display_name":"Bidomain model","level":2,"score":0.9508107900619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.7919453382492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49110097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175233","display_name":"Cathode","level":2,"score":0.654739499092102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4141045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83183","display_name":"Depolarization","level":2,"score":0.6477746963500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89395315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181232","display_name":"Anode","level":3,"score":0.6472375392913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6432859301567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131453863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641079","display_name":"Hyperpolarization (physics)","level":3,"score":0.6188011169433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.5652375817298889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28406088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762","display_name":"Extracellular","level":2,"score":0.5478628873825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185263204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774","display_name":"Electrophysiology","level":2,"score":0.4863224923610687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.47697219252586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.4714318811893463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79879829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762","display_name":"Intracellular","level":2,"score":0.46773940324783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61381695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3302130","display_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology","level":3,"score":0.4533958435058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70616116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1736732","display_name":"Refractory period","level":2,"score":0.42145392298698425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.39901095628738403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3952082693576813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16090890765190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.15842849016189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12237408757209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66974803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10359898","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004558","descriptor_name":"Electric Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006321","descriptor_name":"Heart","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008564","descriptor_name":"Membrane Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008955","descriptor_name":"Models, Cardiovascular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011817","descriptor_name":"Rabbits","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98085912","display_name":"Biophysical Journal","issn_l":"0006-3495","issn":["0006-3495","1542-0086"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8599628","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8599628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biophysical journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1236459","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1236459/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biophys J","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.111.426","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.111.426","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/reprint/69/6/2195.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80115-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98085912","display_name":"Biophysical Journal","issn_l":"0006-3495","issn":["0006-3495","1542-0086"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8908322951","display_name":"Biology of Arrhythmia Susceptibility","funder_award_id":"P01HL046681","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W958783644","https://openalex.org/W1969179215","https://openalex.org/W1972081273","https://openalex.org/W1984336411","https://openalex.org/W1996034597","https://openalex.org/W1997277858","https://openalex.org/W2003926869","https://openalex.org/W2011148098","https://openalex.org/W2014177285","https://openalex.org/W2017182935","https://openalex.org/W2018781713","https://openalex.org/W2022817095","https://openalex.org/W2048885193","https://openalex.org/W2053653653","https://openalex.org/W2063614586","https://openalex.org/W2065880668","https://openalex.org/W2066986796","https://openalex.org/W2068511305","https://openalex.org/W2080685147","https://openalex.org/W2082865299","https://openalex.org/W2083456832","https://openalex.org/W2086525331","https://openalex.org/W2089604360","https://openalex.org/W2092768797","https://openalex.org/W2097718589","https://openalex.org/W2101851525","https://openalex.org/W2101914304","https://openalex.org/W2123645881","https://openalex.org/W2145740974","https://openalex.org/W2148406640","https://openalex.org/W2153708461","https://openalex.org/W2165649213","https://openalex.org/W2340703140","https://openalex.org/W2403024317","https://openalex.org/W2412067901","https://openalex.org/W2417393652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002543191","https://openalex.org/W2052114622","https://openalex.org/W2083432549","https://openalex.org/W2155264760","https://openalex.org/W2003499423","https://openalex.org/W1991570349","https://openalex.org/W122030143","https://openalex.org/W2025970333","https://openalex.org/W2135388619"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}