{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016258276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2539140","title":"Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: The 1990 Indo-Pakistani Crisis","display_name":"Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: The 1990 Indo-Pakistani Crisis","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016258276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2539140","mag":"2016258276"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2539140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2539140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2539140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99767407","display_name":"International Security","issn_l":"0162-2889","issn":["0162-2889","1531-4804"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006633345","display_name":"Devin T. Hagerty","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Devin T. Hagerty","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006633345"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.238,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99597882,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"79","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13120","display_name":"Nuclear Issues and Defense","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13120","display_name":"Nuclear Issues and Defense","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13029","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Conflicts","score":0.013799999840557575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-deterrence","display_name":"nuclear deterrence","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india-pakistan-relations","display_name":"India-Pakistan relations","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kashmir-insurgency","display_name":"Kashmir insurgency","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preemptive-strikes","display_name":"preemptive strikes","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-retaliation","display_name":"nuclear retaliation","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1991-gulf-war","display_name":"1991 Gulf War","score":0.7730000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6329545974731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.42806294560432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780982575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332142","display_name":"Deterrence (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4227652847766876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22777903079986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09907367825508118}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2539140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2539140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2539140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99767407","display_name":"International Security","issn_l":"0162-2889","issn":["0162-2889","1531-4804"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/447417","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/447417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.666700005531311}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6000000238418579}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72555164","https://openalex.org/W351215162","https://openalex.org/W397416914","https://openalex.org/W569895148","https://openalex.org/W570802615","https://openalex.org/W603208912","https://openalex.org/W612642253","https://openalex.org/W619759956","https://openalex.org/W622182737","https://openalex.org/W652528826","https://openalex.org/W652623277","https://openalex.org/W658739316","https://openalex.org/W1514888201","https://openalex.org/W1566457821","https://openalex.org/W1973275859","https://openalex.org/W1979914959","https://openalex.org/W1981353610","https://openalex.org/W1983005249","https://openalex.org/W1983876298","https://openalex.org/W1989175369","https://openalex.org/W1997837880","https://openalex.org/W2004145780","https://openalex.org/W2013301669","https://openalex.org/W2022663633","https://openalex.org/W2037032744","https://openalex.org/W2041212933","https://openalex.org/W2043678250","https://openalex.org/W2057962531","https://openalex.org/W2062285729","https://openalex.org/W2065955048","https://openalex.org/W2068679586","https://openalex.org/W2071419329","https://openalex.org/W2073005428","https://openalex.org/W2081981235","https://openalex.org/W2089611009","https://openalex.org/W2092357779","https://openalex.org/W2100464212","https://openalex.org/W2101258764","https://openalex.org/W2112145268","https://openalex.org/W2116451193","https://openalex.org/W2123013745","https://openalex.org/W2158261166","https://openalex.org/W2314595874","https://openalex.org/W2327439335","https://openalex.org/W2413368777","https://openalex.org/W2489965701","https://openalex.org/W2553222502","https://openalex.org/W2554010335","https://openalex.org/W2801328765","https://openalex.org/W2894594222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2354357239","https://openalex.org/W1503551567","https://openalex.org/W797152432","https://openalex.org/W136651796","https://openalex.org/W3123371653","https://openalex.org/W2051077928","https://openalex.org/W2892273463","https://openalex.org/W4249006475"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Did":[0],"India":[1,27],"and":[2,77,128],"Pakistan":[3,35,76],"nearly":[4],"fight":[5],"a":[6,12,24,57,72,155,167],"nuclear":[7,73,108,118,126,146,151,160],"war":[8,134],"in":[9,33,48],"1990?":[10],"In":[11,148],"provocative":[13],"1993":[14],"article,":[15],"Seymour":[16],"M.":[17],"Hersh":[18],"claims":[19],"that":[20,64,94],"they":[21],"did.":[22],"During":[23],"crisis":[25],"with":[26],"over":[28],"the":[29,44,59,65,69,129],"rapidly":[30],"escalating":[31],"insurgency":[32],"Kashmir,":[34],"openly":[36],"deployed":[37],"its":[38,51],"main":[39],"armored":[40],"tank":[41],"units":[42],"along":[43],"Indian":[45],"border":[46],"and,":[47],"secret,":[49],"placed":[50],"nuclear-weapons":[52],"arsenal":[53],"on":[54,68],"alert.":[55],"As":[56],"result,":[58],"Bush":[60],"Administration":[61],"became":[62],"convinced":[63],"world":[66],"was":[67],"edge":[70],"of":[71,80,97,114,123,138,145,159],"exchange":[74],"between":[75],"India.":[78],"Universe":[79],"cases":[81],"is":[82,88],"admittedly":[83],"small,":[84],"but":[85],"my":[86],"argument":[87],"supported":[89],"by":[90],"recent":[91],"research":[92],"indicating":[93],"preemptive":[95,168],"attacks":[96,116],"any":[98],"kind":[99],"have":[100],"been":[101,154],"historically":[102],"rarer":[103],"than":[104],"conventionally":[105],"believed.":[106],"The":[107],"era":[109],"has":[110,153,163],"seen":[111],"two":[112],"instances":[113],"preventive":[115],"against":[117,135],"facilities-the":[119],"1981":[120],"Israeli":[121],"bombing":[122],"Iraq`s":[124],"Osirak":[125],"facility":[127],"allied":[130],"coalition`s":[131],"1991":[132],"air":[133],"Iraq-but":[136],"both":[137],"these":[139],"actions":[140],"were":[141],"taken":[142],"without":[143],"fear":[144],"reprisal.":[147],"situations":[149],"where":[150],"retaliation":[152],"possibility,":[156],"no":[157],"leader":[158],"weapon":[161],"state":[162],"chosen":[164],"to":[165],"launch":[166],"first":[169],"strike.":[170],"97":[171],"refs.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
