{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016199631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000014","title":"Why Trade Agreements are not Setting Information Free: The Lost History and Reinvigorated Debate over Cross-Border Data Flows, Human Rights, and National Security","display_name":"Why Trade Agreements are not Setting Information Free: The Lost History and Reinvigorated Debate over Cross-Border Data Flows, Human Rights, and National Security","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016199631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000014","mag":"2016199631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1474745615000014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182519303","display_name":"World Trade Review","issn_l":"1474-7456","issn":["1474-7456","1475-3138"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Trade Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008299363","display_name":"Susan Ariel Aaronson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7164-8870","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7164-8870"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131590621","display_name":"Gifu Women's University","ror":"https://ror.org/059pgr720","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131590621"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"SUSAN AARONSON","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for International Economic Policy, GWU","George Washington University, Elliott School of International Affairs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for International Economic Policy, GWU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525","https://openalex.org/I3131590621"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Washington University, Elliott School of International Affairs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008299363"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525","https://openalex.org/I3131590621"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.6853,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98187954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"671","last_page":"700"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.7157999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.7157999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.18850000202655792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14432","display_name":"Freedom of Expression and Defamation","score":0.03060000017285347,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-agreements","display_name":"trade agreements","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-border-data-flows","display_name":"cross-border data flows","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-flow-of-information","display_name":"free flow of information","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-rights","display_name":"digital rights","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-freedom","display_name":"internet freedom","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-security","display_name":"national security","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"human rights","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-liberalization","display_name":"trade liberalization","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-governance","display_name":"internet governance","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-us-relations","display_name":"EU-US relations","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snowden-revelations","display_name":"Snowden revelations","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-sovereignty","display_name":"data sovereignty","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy","display_name":"privacy","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protectionism","display_name":"protectionism","score":0.8029999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517823627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121194","display_name":"United States National Security Agency","level":3,"score":0.7721513509750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.6758747100830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775833480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26084","display_name":"Freedom of information","level":2,"score":0.6083847880363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019814787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072952","display_name":"Free flow","level":2,"score":0.5800110697746277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.5078809857368469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48019278049468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.4747355878353119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47413989901542664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.45688942074775696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.4513298273086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.43176132440567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.37735849618911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.35236912965774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.32281631231307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10773172974586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1474745615000014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182519303","display_name":"World Trade Review","issn_l":"1474-7456","issn":["1474-7456","1475-3138"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Trade Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:wotrrv:v:14:y:2015:i:04:p:671-700_00","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1474745615000014/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.550000011920929}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107004848","https://openalex.org/W140865293","https://openalex.org/W272097377","https://openalex.org/W397323703","https://openalex.org/W576890753","https://openalex.org/W1496098846","https://openalex.org/W1520708631","https://openalex.org/W1525239959","https://openalex.org/W1540107235","https://openalex.org/W1568741883","https://openalex.org/W1591401549","https://openalex.org/W1686214984","https://openalex.org/W1759363376","https://openalex.org/W1774748567","https://openalex.org/W2012785533","https://openalex.org/W2012843030","https://openalex.org/W2017386402","https://openalex.org/W2046821739","https://openalex.org/W2071407255","https://openalex.org/W2088895039","https://openalex.org/W2090883085","https://openalex.org/W2121720385","https://openalex.org/W2127351718","https://openalex.org/W2128359453","https://openalex.org/W2169109141","https://openalex.org/W2169195082","https://openalex.org/W2188732167","https://openalex.org/W3121653246","https://openalex.org/W3122478773","https://openalex.org/W4205963488","https://openalex.org/W4240023009","https://openalex.org/W4247042038","https://openalex.org/W4250755972","https://openalex.org/W4251315596","https://openalex.org/W6630795190","https://openalex.org/W6639546324","https://openalex.org/W6692734009","https://openalex.org/W6927101862","https://openalex.org/W7016099576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W33401048","https://openalex.org/W2258009514","https://openalex.org/W2527765128","https://openalex.org/W1378834","https://openalex.org/W2167237416","https://openalex.org/W2561035403","https://openalex.org/W318385749","https://openalex.org/W2302158683","https://openalex.org/W2272796707","https://openalex.org/W3147066136","https://openalex.org/W3126092491","https://openalex.org/W240352023","https://openalex.org/W86337212","https://openalex.org/W3125161814","https://openalex.org/W305280282","https://openalex.org/W1896917790","https://openalex.org/W1835800877","https://openalex.org/W2583224079","https://openalex.org/W2755344514","https://openalex.org/W2162436587"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Herein,":[1],"we":[2],"examine":[3],"how":[4],"the":[5,9,17,29,41,66,74,91,99,103,116,128,147,152,171],"United":[6],"States":[7],"and":[8,22,31,57,86,106,195],"European":[10],"Union":[11],"use":[12],"trade":[13,47,142,154],"agreements":[14],"to":[15,23,37,54,60,84,89,137,169,178,188],"advance":[16,179],"free":[18,42,92,129,140,172],"flow":[19,43,93,130,173],"of":[20,44,68,94,131,174],"information":[21,45,139,175,192],"promote":[24,170],"digital":[25,180],"rights":[26],"online.":[27],"In":[28,73],"1980s":[30],"1990s,":[32],"after":[33],"US":[34,85,100],"policymakers":[35],"tried":[36],"include":[38],"language":[39],"governing":[40],"in":[46,65,109,159],"agreements,":[48],"other":[49],"nations":[50],"feared":[51],"a":[52],"threat":[53],"their":[55,58],"sovereignty":[56],"ability":[59],"restrict":[61],"cross-border":[62],"data":[63],"flows":[64],"interest":[67],"privacy":[69],"or":[70],"national":[71],"security.":[72],"twenty-first":[75],"century,":[76],"again":[77],"many":[78,119],"states":[79,120],"have":[80],"not":[81,157,185],"responded":[82],"positively":[83],"EU":[87],"efforts":[88,136],"facilitate":[90],"information.":[95,132],"They":[96],"worry":[97],"that":[98,111,123],"dominates":[101],"both":[102],"Internet":[104,107,148,162],"economy":[105],"governance":[108],"ways":[110],"benefit":[112],"its":[113],"interests.":[114],"After":[115],"Snowden":[117],"allegations,":[118],"adopted":[121],"strategies":[122],"restricted":[124],"rather":[125],"than":[126],"enhanced":[127],"Without":[133],"deliberate":[134],"intent,":[135],"set":[138],"through":[141],"liberalization":[143],"may":[144],"be":[145],"making":[146],"less":[149],"free.":[150],"Finally,":[151],"two":[153],"giants":[155],"are":[156,193,198],"fully":[158],"agreement":[160],"on":[161,191],"freedom,":[163],"but":[164],"neither":[165],"has":[166],"linked":[167],"policies":[168,177],"with":[176],"rights.":[181],"Moreover,":[182],"they":[183,197],"do":[184],"agree":[186],"as":[187],"when":[189,196],"restrictions":[190],"necessary":[194],"protectionist.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
