{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016195625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106377371007008x","title":"On the ground level enhancement beginning","display_name":"On the ground level enhancement beginning","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016195625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106377371007008x","mag":"2016195625"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1134/s106377371007008x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106377371007008x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106377371007008x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187113914","display_name":"Astronomy Letters","issn_l":"1063-7737","issn":["1063-7737","1562-6873","3034-5812"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320267","host_organization_name":"Pleiades Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320267","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pleiades Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Astronomy Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085214744","display_name":"Viktoriya G. Kurt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19880235","display_name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University","ror":"https://ror.org/010pmpe69","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19880235"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279538","display_name":"Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mjggc44","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19880235","https://openalex.org/I4405279538"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viktoriya G. Kurt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia","Moscow State  University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19880235","https://openalex.org/I4405279538"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Moscow State  University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19880235"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103431349","display_name":"Boris Yu. Yushkov","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19880235","display_name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University","ror":"https://ror.org/010pmpe69","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19880235"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279538","display_name":"Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mjggc44","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19880235","https://openalex.org/I4405279538"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"B. Yu. Yushkov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia","Moscow State  University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19880235","https://openalex.org/I4405279538"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Moscow State  University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19880235"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006308258","display_name":"Anatoly V. Belov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1834-3285","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1834-3285"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313323035","display_name":"Russian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qrfxd25","country_code":"RU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093250","display_name":"Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation","ror":"https://ror.org/00k9x6n46","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210093250","https://openalex.org/I4210096333"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. V. Belov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radiowave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow oblast, 142190, Russia","Russian Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radiowave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow oblast, 142190, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210093250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Russian Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103431349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19880235","https://openalex.org/I4405279538"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9318,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73308475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"7","first_page":"520","last_page":"530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-level-enhancement","display_name":"ground level enhancement","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-atmosphere","display_name":"solar atmosphere","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-energetic-protons","display_name":"solar energetic protons","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutral-pion-decay","display_name":"neutral pion decay","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interplanetary-magnetic-field","display_name":"interplanetary magnetic field","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron-monitor-data","display_name":"neutron monitor data","score":0.4410000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.926109790802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.7242258191108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111309251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11547","display_name":"Cosmic ray","level":2,"score":0.6943955421447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194462397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834235","display_name":"Interplanetary spaceflight","level":4,"score":0.688953161239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96819898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1118875","display_name":"Interplanetary medium","level":5,"score":0.623100996017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185001636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119830","display_name":"Solar flare","level":2,"score":0.574293315410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.5653545260429382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75183268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140491","display_name":"Particle acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5438197255134583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5208435654640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.48428481817245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13019657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6144418","display_name":"Solar energetic particles","level":5,"score":0.47051969170570374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.45264625549316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.44882330298423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171428510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2314257","display_name":"Solar minimum","level":5,"score":0.42080458998680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.36150431632995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.33066198229789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108411613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79833","display_name":"Solar wind","level":3,"score":0.319424033164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72886185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129890","display_name":"Coronal mass ejection","level":4,"score":0.3132784068584442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43867161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49385","display_name":"Solar cycle","level":4,"score":0.1691599190235138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.11605635285377502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.06730121374130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1134/s106377371007008x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106377371007008x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106377371007008x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187113914","display_name":"Astronomy Letters","issn_l":"1063-7737","issn":["1063-7737","1562-6873","3034-5812"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320267","host_organization_name":"Pleiades Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320267","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pleiades Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Astronomy Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321079","display_name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02mh1ke95"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505975730","https://openalex.org/W1539675547","https://openalex.org/W1601041201","https://openalex.org/W1632571218","https://openalex.org/W1676620285","https://openalex.org/W1966132505","https://openalex.org/W1988337365","https://openalex.org/W1991419288","https://openalex.org/W2002127443","https://openalex.org/W2019191382","https://openalex.org/W2023227136","https://openalex.org/W2040720813","https://openalex.org/W2047476457","https://openalex.org/W2052838665","https://openalex.org/W2073461831","https://openalex.org/W2073952167","https://openalex.org/W2074226468","https://openalex.org/W2088066661","https://openalex.org/W2091124245","https://openalex.org/W2093389180","https://openalex.org/W2094730641","https://openalex.org/W2099032039","https://openalex.org/W2104632367","https://openalex.org/W2120064979","https://openalex.org/W2132448414","https://openalex.org/W2147536571","https://openalex.org/W2333393123","https://openalex.org/W2950900312"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159198818","https://openalex.org/W2015937917","https://openalex.org/W1986570802","https://openalex.org/W2043788222","https://openalex.org/W2081494584","https://openalex.org/W1992502544","https://openalex.org/W2086693837","https://openalex.org/W4378228686","https://openalex.org/W2156375682","https://openalex.org/W2773897314"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Based":[0],"on":[1],"our":[2],"analysis":[3],"of":[4,10,20,40,52,69,91,95,142,164,175],"the":[5,18,21,32,44,50,67,86,92,99,105,113,124,127,140,146,152,165,172],"data":[6],"fromthe":[7],"global":[8],"network":[9],"neutronmonitors":[11],"for":[12],"several":[13],"events,":[14],"we":[15],"have":[16],"found":[17],"times":[19],"first":[22,93],"increases":[23],"in":[24,73],"count":[25],"rate":[26],"at":[27,43,98,107,112],"individual":[28],"stations":[29],"that":[30,63],"precede":[31],"main":[33],"solar":[34,87,153],"cosmic-ray":[35],"enhancement.":[36],"The":[37,89],"onset":[38],"time":[39,90,106],"proton":[41],"acceleration":[42],"Sun":[45,114],"has":[46],"been":[47],"determined":[48],"from":[49,139,151],"appearance":[51],"a":[53,120,168],"broad":[54],"gamma-ray":[55],"line":[56],"with":[57,79,85],"its":[58],"maximum":[59],"near":[60],"70":[61],"MeV":[62,83],"is":[64,101],"generated":[65],"during":[66],"decay":[68],"neutral":[70],"pions,":[71],"which,":[72],"turn,":[74],"are":[75],"produced":[76],"when":[77],"protons":[78,97,110,147,166],"energies":[80],"above":[81],"300":[82],"interact":[84],"atmosphere.":[88],"recording":[94],"energetic":[96],"Earth":[100],"delayed":[102],"relative":[103],"to":[104,123,149],"which":[108],"these":[109],"appeared":[111],"by":[115,119],"60\u2013300":[116],"s,":[117],"i.e.,":[118],"value":[121],"comparable":[122],"difference":[125],"between":[126],"direct":[128],"photon":[129],"and":[130],"particle":[131],"propagation":[132],"times.":[133],"At":[134],"least":[135],"two":[136],"conclusions":[137],"follow":[138],"existence":[141],"such":[143],"\u201cprecursors\u201d.":[144],"First,":[145],"begin":[148],"escape":[150],"atmosphere":[154],"into":[155],"interplanetary":[156,176],"space":[157],"immediately":[158],"after":[159],"their":[160],"acceleration.":[161],"Second,":[162],"some":[163],"traverse":[167],"path":[169],"shorter":[170],"than":[171],"nominal":[173],"length":[174],"magnetic":[177],"field":[178],"lines.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}