{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016155255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01294-5","title":"Evidence of free carrier concentration gradient along the c-axis for undoped GaN single crystals","display_name":"Evidence of free carrier concentration gradient along the c-axis for undoped GaN single crystals","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016155255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01294-5","mag":"2016155255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01294-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01294-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01294-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10719676","display_name":"Journal of Crystal Growth","issn_l":"0022-0248","issn":["0022-0248","1873-5002"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Crystal Growth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074374021","display_name":"\u00c9ric Frayssinet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3900-8440","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3900-8440"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091332","display_name":"Institute of High Pressure Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fb7yx07","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["FR","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Frayssinet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Groupe d\u2019Etude des Semiconducteurs, CNRS-UMR, 5650 - UM II, 34095 Montpellier, France","High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Groupe d\u2019Etude des Semiconducteurs, CNRS-UMR, 5650 - UM II, 34095 Montpellier, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004433337","display_name":"W. Knap","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4537-8712","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4537-8712"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091332","display_name":"Institute of High Pressure Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fb7yx07","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["FR","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Knap","raw_affiliation_strings":["Groupe d\u2019Etude des Semiconducteurs, CNRS-UMR, 5650 - UM II, 34095 Montpellier, France","High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Groupe d\u2019Etude des Semiconducteurs, CNRS-UMR, 5650 - UM II, 34095 Montpellier, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064626120","display_name":"Stanis\u0142aw Krukowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-9266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-9266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091332","display_name":"Institute of High Pressure Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fb7yx07","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. Krukowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044834240","display_name":"P. Perlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5529-4075","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5529-4075"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091332","display_name":"Institute of High Pressure Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fb7yx07","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Perlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002726725","display_name":"P. Wi\u015bniewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6090-4739","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6090-4739"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091332","display_name":"Institute of High Pressure Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fb7yx07","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Wisniewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039123987","display_name":"T. Suski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5670-0511","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5670-0511"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091332","display_name":"Institute of High Pressure Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fb7yx07","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Suski","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005318154","display_name":"I. Grzegory","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0137-6259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0137-6259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091332","display_name":"Institute of High Pressure Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fb7yx07","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Grzegory","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030041143","display_name":"S. Porowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5603-4926","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5603-4926"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091332","display_name":"Institute of High Pressure Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fb7yx07","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Porowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Pressure Research Center, UNIPRESS, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01142 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064626120"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091332","https://openalex.org/I99542240"],"apc_list":{"value":3110,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3110},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3182,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79511065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"230","issue":"3-4","first_page":"442","last_page":"447"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10099","display_name":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10099","display_name":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10361","display_name":"Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gan-single-crystals","display_name":"GaN single crystals","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-impurities","display_name":"oxygen impurities","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unintentional-doping","display_name":"unintentional doping","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-plasma","display_name":"edge plasma","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/micro-raman-spectroscopy","display_name":"micro-Raman spectroscopy","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared-reflectance","display_name":"infrared reflectivity","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-pressure-crystal-growth","display_name":"high-pressure crystal growth","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystal-growth-model","display_name":"crystal growth model","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-donors","display_name":"electron donors","score":0.49900001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169573571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466824","display_name":"Raman scattering","level":3,"score":0.6468550562858582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40003534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.6325045228004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781285689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21921428","display_name":"Crystal (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5551401376724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73922627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754943","display_name":"Single crystal","level":2,"score":0.5404466390609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5211865305900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86453669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940391","display_name":"Free electron model","level":3,"score":0.48304253816604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.4602377414703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57863236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130571","display_name":"Doping","level":2,"score":0.45428892970085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71987851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7216430","display_name":"Impurity","level":2,"score":0.4453839659690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.4398965537548065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.4256500005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41999313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328","display_name":"Molecular physics","level":1,"score":0.4203318953514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110879396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58392","display_name":"Plasmon","level":2,"score":0.41925710439682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4085032641887665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.38002124428749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.21571564674377441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.20176607370376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.12926259636878967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06673428416252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01294-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01294-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01294-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10719676","display_name":"Journal of Crystal Growth","issn_l":"0022-0248","issn":["0022-0248","1873-5002"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Crystal Growth","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45498578","https://openalex.org/W1544518331","https://openalex.org/W1967797505","https://openalex.org/W1992215240","https://openalex.org/W2003258254","https://openalex.org/W2010229340","https://openalex.org/W2024350353","https://openalex.org/W2026709434","https://openalex.org/W2042243397","https://openalex.org/W2073589117","https://openalex.org/W2082072188","https://openalex.org/W2092342710","https://openalex.org/W2117407325"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007748551","https://openalex.org/W2117407325","https://openalex.org/W2947577758","https://openalex.org/W2030243812","https://openalex.org/W2071304296","https://openalex.org/W4291298175","https://openalex.org/W2086793061","https://openalex.org/W2062765995","https://openalex.org/W2295602835","https://openalex.org/W1510946198"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}