{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016122903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0501_2","title":"Hinting as a Tactic in One-on-One Tutoring","display_name":"Hinting as a Tactic in One-on-One Tutoring","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016122903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0501_2","mag":"2016122903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327809jls0501_2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0501_2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0501_2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42640028","display_name":"Journal of the Learning Sciences","issn_l":"1050-8406","issn":["1050-8406","1532-7809"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Learning Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014237372","display_name":"Gregory D. Hume","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149744451","display_name":"Valparaiso University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pp0fx48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149744451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Hume","raw_affiliation_strings":["Valpara\u00edso University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valpara\u00edso University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149744451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035710706","display_name":"JOEL A. MICHAEL","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-6170","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-6170"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113500770","display_name":"Allen A. Rovick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen Rovick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039008492","display_name":"Martha W. Evens","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martha Evens","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0007,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":146,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97922648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"23","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-to-one-tutoring","display_name":"one-on-one tutoring","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-tutoring-systems","display_name":"intelligent tutoring systems","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-errors","display_name":"student errors","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-processes","display_name":"cognitive processes","score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-retention","display_name":"long-term retention","score":0.6159999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.611082136631012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5970140099525452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5432913899421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5129629969596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.4423450231552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779336797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055492","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","level":2,"score":0.43942010402679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.43553245067596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3848288357257843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.36849603056907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28438133001327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22520270943641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327809jls0501_2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0501_2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0501_2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42640028","display_name":"Journal of the Learning Sciences","issn_l":"1050-8406","issn":["1050-8406","1532-7809"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Learning Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12340343","https://openalex.org/W1480936170","https://openalex.org/W1489410353","https://openalex.org/W1490702283","https://openalex.org/W1493340102","https://openalex.org/W1528314975","https://openalex.org/W1846115875","https://openalex.org/W1965023397","https://openalex.org/W1983352506","https://openalex.org/W1986163437","https://openalex.org/W1993835113","https://openalex.org/W2009022572","https://openalex.org/W2023802697","https://openalex.org/W2033022416","https://openalex.org/W2134899447","https://openalex.org/W2136029142","https://openalex.org/W2136208491","https://openalex.org/W2144873044","https://openalex.org/W2168364913","https://openalex.org/W2173737653","https://openalex.org/W2495935928","https://openalex.org/W4242134579","https://openalex.org/W6987870484","https://openalex.org/W6999856634","https://openalex.org/W7006256079","https://openalex.org/W7020165324","https://openalex.org/W7027694105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6987870484","https://openalex.org/W1596001864","https://openalex.org/W1815449268","https://openalex.org/W7099083180","https://openalex.org/W3087868372","https://openalex.org/W2809514990","https://openalex.org/W2395351797","https://openalex.org/W127895384","https://openalex.org/W7134816004","https://openalex.org/W2526099171"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One-on-one":[0],"tutoring":[1,199],"is":[2,30,123,143,156,182],"a":[3,20,37,54,63,67,91,95],"particularly":[4],"effective":[5],"mode":[6],"of":[7,15,36,53,98,111,116,121,189,196],"instruction,":[8],"and":[9,108,125,178],"we":[10],"have":[11],"studied":[12],"the":[13,34,51,81,88,130,133,154,163,194],"behavior":[14],"expert":[16,28],"tutors":[17,29,104],"in":[18,90,113,128,167],"such":[19],"setting.":[21],"A":[22],"tactic":[23,86],"commonly":[24],"used":[25],"by":[26,145],"our":[27,183,187],"hinting,":[31],"that":[32,132,153,171],"is,":[33],"prompting":[35,52],"student":[38,55,82,89,146,155,164],"to":[39,43,46,56,61,79,100,158,165,174,185,193],"recollect":[40],"information":[41,75,80],"presumed":[42],"be":[44],"known":[45],"him":[47],"or":[48,50,65,69,76],"her,":[49],"make":[57],"an":[58,101,197],"inference":[59],"needed":[60],"solve":[62],"problem":[64],"answer":[66],"question,":[68],"both.":[70],"Hints":[71,161],"may":[72,77],"directly":[73],"convey":[74],"point":[78],"already":[83],"possesses.":[84],"Another":[85],"prompts":[87],"step-by-step":[92],"manner":[93],"(in":[94],"directed":[96,109],"line":[97],"reasoning)":[99],"answer.":[102],"Our":[103],"generated":[105],"315":[106],"hints":[107,122,137],"lines":[110],"reasoning":[112],"30":[114],"hr":[115],"tutoring.":[117],"The":[118],"surface":[119],"structure":[120],"complex":[124],"varied,":[126],"reflecting,":[127],"part,":[129],"fact":[131],"utterances":[134],"making":[135],"up":[136],"often":[138],"serve":[139],"multiple":[140],"functions.":[141],"Hinting":[142],"triggered":[144],"errors":[147],"but":[148],"ceases":[149],"when":[150],"it":[151],"appears":[152],"unable":[157],"respond":[159],"appropriately.":[160],"encourage":[162],"engage":[166],"active":[168],"cognitive":[169],"processes":[170],"are":[172],"thought":[173],"promote":[175],"deeper":[176],"understanding":[177],"long-term":[179],"retention.":[180],"It":[181],"intention":[184],"apply":[186],"knowledge":[188],"tutorial":[190],"dialogue":[191],"generation":[192],"building":[195],"intelligent":[198],"system":[200],"(ITS).":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}