{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016107982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330330207","title":"Reconstruction of facial features from the skull: An evaluation of its usefulness in forensic anthropology","display_name":"Reconstruction of facial features from the skull: An evaluation of its usefulness in forensic anthropology","publication_year":1970,"publication_date":"1970-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016107982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330330207","mag":"2016107982","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5473087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330330207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330330207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330330207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126146781","display_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","issn_l":"0002-9483","issn":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111420039","display_name":"Clyde Collins Snow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342895125","display_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05q0y0j38","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282462722","https://openalex.org/I1342895125"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clyde C. Snow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342895125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030111408","display_name":"Betty Pat. Gatliff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342895125","display_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05q0y0j38","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282462722","https://openalex.org/I1342895125"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Betty P. Gatliff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342895125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066273837","display_name":"Kenneth Richard McWilliams","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth R. McWilliams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4200},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9107,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":166,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.942194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"2","first_page":"221","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11706","display_name":"Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-reconstruction","display_name":"facial reconstruction","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skull","display_name":"skull","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-anthropology","display_name":"forensic anthropology","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recognition-accuracy","display_name":"recognition accuracy","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer-performance","display_name":"observer performance","score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-identification","display_name":"police identification","score":0.33000001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176979668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28065","display_name":"Forensic anthropology","level":2,"score":0.8471149206161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779300802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13147","display_name":"Skull","level":2,"score":0.8187487125396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909904977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504033","display_name":"Facial reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.7515584230422974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140505726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q495304","display_name":"Forensic science","level":2,"score":0.6073158979415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.6007052063941956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117959457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27172","display_name":"Biological anthropology","level":2,"score":0.5196067690849304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171906077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360677","display_name":"Crime scene","level":2,"score":0.43436384201049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41693946719169617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37368229031562805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3635140657424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.3226695656776428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.25210040807724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.22399279475212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.20487180352210999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.18852758407592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.17887461185455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12826064229011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.106778085231781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000883","descriptor_name":"Anthropology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002102","descriptor_name":"Cadaver","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005147","descriptor_name":"Facial Bones","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005554","descriptor_name":"Forensic Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012886","descriptor_name":"Skull","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330330207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330330207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330330207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126146781","display_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","issn_l":"0002-9483","issn":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:5473087","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5473087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of physical anthropology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8846551","https://openalex.org/W619862010","https://openalex.org/W1971320578","https://openalex.org/W1975075234","https://openalex.org/W2070876893","https://openalex.org/W2094141999","https://openalex.org/W2418357675","https://openalex.org/W4235466641","https://openalex.org/W4246117510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399302543","https://openalex.org/W2017169247","https://openalex.org/W2068731938","https://openalex.org/W2520277977","https://openalex.org/W3208831568","https://openalex.org/W2625704893","https://openalex.org/W2503931538","https://openalex.org/W646386554","https://openalex.org/W7120304341","https://openalex.org/W7120516262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Although":[1],"facial":[2],"reconstructions":[3,24],"from":[4,83],"the":[5,42,57,68,78,80,90,103],"skull":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8,18],"widely":[9],"used":[10],"in":[11,26,44,65],"forensic":[12],"anthropology,":[13],"their":[14],"effectiveness":[15],"has":[16],"not":[17],"objectively":[19],"assessed.":[20],"Photographs":[21],"of":[22,51,56],"two":[23],"produced":[25],"this":[27],"laboratory":[28],"were":[29,38],"shown":[30],"to":[31,40,96],"FAA":[32],"employees":[33],"and":[34,61,112],"local":[35],"policemen":[36,111],"who":[37],"asked":[39],"select":[41],"subject's":[43],"vivo":[45],"photograph":[46],"when":[47],"included":[48],"with":[49,73],"those":[50],"six":[52],"other":[53],"randomly\u2010selected":[54],"individuals":[55],"same":[58],"sex,":[59],"race,":[60],"general":[62],"age.":[63],"While":[64],"both":[66,109],"tests":[67,110],"reconstruction":[69],"subject":[70],"was":[71],"chosen":[72],"significantly":[74],"greater":[75],"frequency":[76],"than":[77,117],"controls,":[79],"results":[81],"ranged":[82],"26%":[84],"correct":[85,98],"(N":[86,99],"=":[87,100],"104)":[88],"on":[89,102],"first":[91],"subject,":[92],"a":[93,105],"67\u2010year\u2010old":[94],"female,":[95],"67%":[97],"200)":[101],"second,":[104],"36\u2010year\u2010old":[106],"male.":[107],"In":[108],"civilian":[113,118],"females":[114],"performed":[115],"better":[116],"males.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
