{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016002338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbm042","title":"Foreign banks' attraction to the financial centre Frankfurt--an inverted 'U'-shaped relationship","display_name":"Foreign banks' attraction to the financial centre Frankfurt--an inverted 'U'-shaped relationship","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016002338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbm042","mag":"2016002338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jeg/lbm042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbm042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbm042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46039370","display_name":"Journal of Economic Geography","issn_l":"1468-2702","issn":["1468-2702","1468-2710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Geography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1155899","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090551616","display_name":"Michael H. Grote","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-4088","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-4088"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. H. Grote","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Finance, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt, D \u2013 60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. email < >"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Finance, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt, D \u2013 60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. email < >","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090551616"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"],"apc_list":{"value":4104,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4638},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.5379,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98395596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"239","last_page":"258"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12483","display_name":"Global Urban Networks and Dynamics","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12483","display_name":"Global Urban Networks and Dynamics","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.06710000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-banks","display_name":"foreign banks","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-centers","display_name":"financial centres","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frankfurt","display_name":"Frankfurt am Main","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverted-u-shaped-relationship","display_name":"inverted U-shaped relationship","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-economic-geography","display_name":"new economic geography","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-location","display_name":"bank location","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-central-bank","display_name":"German central bank","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-competition","display_name":"urban competition","score":0.4729999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.7237892150878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7155315279960632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778364177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2247133","display_name":"Attraction","level":2,"score":0.5179535150527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73283319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617","display_name":"Financial system","level":1,"score":0.4593541622161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.39415884017944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36794161796569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3601177930831909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19204181432724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jeg/lbm042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbm042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbm042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46039370","display_name":"Journal of Economic Geography","issn_l":"1468-2702","issn":["1468-2702","1468-2710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Geography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:3122041189","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1155899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:jecgeo:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:239-258","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/jeg/lbm042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:3122041189","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1155899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67728911","https://openalex.org/W355811052","https://openalex.org/W1490849707","https://openalex.org/W1499120838","https://openalex.org/W1523869535","https://openalex.org/W1561801160","https://openalex.org/W1603454327","https://openalex.org/W1681486809","https://openalex.org/W1966127721","https://openalex.org/W1976299847","https://openalex.org/W1977306592","https://openalex.org/W1977682459","https://openalex.org/W1979132028","https://openalex.org/W1982855710","https://openalex.org/W1988833879","https://openalex.org/W1989843561","https://openalex.org/W2004922810","https://openalex.org/W2007066265","https://openalex.org/W2012655546","https://openalex.org/W2027662789","https://openalex.org/W2036372718","https://openalex.org/W2039220314","https://openalex.org/W2051268623","https://openalex.org/W2052350054","https://openalex.org/W2054475479","https://openalex.org/W2061248561","https://openalex.org/W2064566086","https://openalex.org/W2067656730","https://openalex.org/W2073943372","https://openalex.org/W2074358081","https://openalex.org/W2087085360","https://openalex.org/W2088389112","https://openalex.org/W2090266969","https://openalex.org/W2095130645","https://openalex.org/W2100960301","https://openalex.org/W2105600273","https://openalex.org/W2110320740","https://openalex.org/W2116448846","https://openalex.org/W2125053847","https://openalex.org/W2126868602","https://openalex.org/W2142749876","https://openalex.org/W2145145948","https://openalex.org/W2160840080","https://openalex.org/W2168132671","https://openalex.org/W2506408472","https://openalex.org/W2560933494","https://openalex.org/W3122221630","https://openalex.org/W3122539939","https://openalex.org/W3122783203","https://openalex.org/W3122832208","https://openalex.org/W3124337996"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2787062423","https://openalex.org/W7056584585","https://openalex.org/W2047152951","https://openalex.org/W7111991778","https://openalex.org/W2035559178","https://openalex.org/W71448910","https://openalex.org/W1570493256","https://openalex.org/W2172652516","https://openalex.org/W3124337996","https://openalex.org/W2389665917"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"traces":[2],"the":[3,43,49,55,68,80,98],"location":[4,69],"of":[5,27,52,70],"foreign":[6,28,71],"banks":[7,29,72],"in":[8,30,59,67,73,91,97],"Germany":[9,74],"from":[10],"1949":[11],"to":[12],"2006.":[13],"As":[14],"suggested":[15],"by":[16,48],"New":[17],"Economic":[18],"Geography":[19],"models,":[20],"we":[21],"find":[22],"an":[23],"inverted":[24],"\u2018U\u2019-shaped":[25],"concentration":[26],"Germany.":[31],"Only":[32],"after":[33],"a":[34,62,88],"competition":[35],"between":[36],"several":[37],"cities,":[38],"Frankfurt":[39],"has":[40],"emerged":[41],"as":[42],"pre-eminent":[44],"financial":[45,95],"centre,":[46],"triggered":[47],"\u2018historical":[50],"event\u2019":[51],"setting":[53],"up":[54],"German":[56],"central":[57],"bank":[58],"Frankfurt.":[60],"After":[61],"strong":[63],"increase,":[64],"Frankfurt's":[65],"share":[66],"decreases":[75],"slowly":[76],"but":[77],"significantly":[78],"since":[79],"mid-1980s.":[81],"We":[82],"conclude":[83],"that":[84],"there":[85],"will":[86],"be":[87],"lesser":[89],"role":[90],"Europe":[92],"for":[93],"second-tier":[94],"centres":[96],"future.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}