{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015734919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428119491019230","title":"Investigation of Applied Forces in Alphanumeric Keyboard Work","display_name":"Investigation of Applied Forces in Alphanumeric Keyboard Work","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015734919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428119491019230","mag":"2015734919","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8116526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/15428119491019230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428119491019230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428119491019230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239950","display_name":"American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal","issn_l":"0002-8894","issn":["0002-8894","2163-369X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101721574","display_name":"Thomas J. Armstrong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3757-2024","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3757-2024"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Armstrong","raw_affiliation_strings":["a    Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117","Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a    Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024587349","display_name":"James A. Foulke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A. Foulke","raw_affiliation_strings":["a    Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117","Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a    Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060084395","display_name":"Bernard J. Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5033-1607","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5033-1607"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernard J. Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["a    Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117","Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a    Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Ergonomics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038654369","display_name":"Jack Gerson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Gerson","raw_affiliation_strings":["b    University of California at San Francisco, Ergonomics Laboratory, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, CA 94804","University of California at San Francisco, Ergonomics Laboratory, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, CA 94804"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b    University of California at San Francisco, Ergonomics Laboratory, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, CA 94804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Francisco, Ergonomics Laboratory, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, CA 94804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059637238","display_name":"David M. Rempel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6472-6500","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6472-6500"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Rempel","raw_affiliation_strings":["b    University of California at San Francisco, Ergonomics Laboratory, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, CA 94804","University of California at San Francisco, Ergonomics Laboratory, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, CA 94804"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b    University of California at San Francisco, Ergonomics Laboratory, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, CA 94804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Francisco, Ergonomics Laboratory, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, CA 94804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7663,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97182606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"1","first_page":"30","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13866","display_name":"Occupational health in dentistry","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13315","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-force","display_name":"activation force","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qwerty-keyboard","display_name":"QWERTY keyboard","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finger-force","display_name":"finger force","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typing","display_name":"typing","score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-health-assessment","display_name":"occupational health assessment","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repetitive-strain-injury","display_name":"repetitive strain injury","score":0.40400001406669617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781003394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737372","display_name":"Alphanumeric","level":2,"score":0.9289681315422058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6431598663330078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778421134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628764","display_name":"Occupational medicine","level":3,"score":0.41682958602905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39857766032218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.318195641040802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987845665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072363","display_name":"Occupational exposure","level":2,"score":0.2835645377635956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.272214412689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18701404333114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.16571438312530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08171418309211731}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006225","descriptor_name":"Hand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011312","descriptor_name":"Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016272","descriptor_name":"Occupational Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016287","descriptor_name":"Computer Peripherals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/15428119491019230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428119491019230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428119491019230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239950","display_name":"American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal","issn_l":"0002-8894","issn":["0002-8894","2163-369X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1202/0002-8894(1994)055<0030:ioafia>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1202/0002-8894(1994)055<0030:ioafia>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1202/0002-8894(1994)055<0030:ioafia>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239950","display_name":"American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal","issn_l":"0002-8894","issn":["0002-8894","2163-369X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AIHAJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8116526","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8116526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Industrial Hygiene Association journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099931525","https://openalex.org/W1965421263","https://openalex.org/W2140724567","https://openalex.org/W2148927726","https://openalex.org/W2340078816","https://openalex.org/W2168890577","https://openalex.org/W2006808352","https://openalex.org/W1968084417","https://openalex.org/W2029716026","https://openalex.org/W2611673490"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"one":[3],"way":[4],"that":[5,22,69,100,118,151],"occupational":[6],"health":[7],"professionals":[8],"can":[9,155],"assess":[10],"the":[11,18,25,34,43,59,66,95,101,113,119,123,131,140,143,173],"force":[12,23,68],"exerted":[13],"by":[14,42],"keyboard":[15,82,141,152,176],"users":[16],"and":[17,24,75,180,184],"possible":[19],"relationship":[20,174],"between":[21,175],"key":[26,71,77],"force-displacement":[27],"relationship.":[28],"First,":[29],"three":[30],"personal-computer":[31],"keyboards":[32],"with":[33,142],"standard":[35],"QWERTY":[36],"layouts":[37],"were":[38,85,108],"tested":[39],"as":[40,158],"described":[41],"American":[44],"National":[45],"Standard":[46],"for":[47,134,139,164],"Human":[48],"Factors":[49],"Engineering":[50],"of":[51,130,161],"Visual":[52],"Display":[53],"workstations":[54],"(ANSI/HFS":[55],"100-1988)":[56],"to":[57,65,105,110,125,171],"determine":[58],"peak":[60,102,132],"forces,":[61,116,178],"0.47-0.89N;":[62],"displacements":[63],"prior":[64],"\"breakaway\"":[67],"acknowledges":[70],"registration,":[72],"2.0-2.5":[73],"mm;":[74],"total":[76],"travel,":[78],"3.3-4.3":[79],"mm.":[80],"Second,":[81],"reaction":[83,153,177],"forces":[84,103,133,154,163],"recorded":[86],"while":[87],"10":[88],"subjects":[89,120],"typed":[90],"4":[91],"alphanumeric":[92],"sentences":[93],"on":[94],"keyboards.":[96],"It":[97,148],"was":[98,137,149],"found":[99],"corresponding":[104],"each":[106],"keystroke":[107],"2.5":[109],"3.9":[111],"times":[112],"required":[114,145],"activation":[115,146],"indicating":[117],"consistently":[121],"displaced":[122],"keys":[124],"their":[126],"limits.":[127],"The":[128],"average":[129],"all":[135],"keystrokes":[136],"lowest":[138,144],"force.":[147],"concluded":[150],"be":[156],"used":[157],"an":[159],"index":[160],"finger":[162],"keying":[165],"tasks.":[166],"Further":[167],"studies":[168],"are":[169],"necessary":[170],"evaluate":[172],"fatigue,":[179],"chronic":[181],"muscle,":[182],"tendon,":[183],"nerve":[185],"disorders.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
