{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015712245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8","title":"External validity of randomised controlled trials: \u201cTo whom do the results of this trial apply?\u201d","display_name":"External validity of randomised controlled trials: \u201cTo whom do the results of this trial apply?\u201d","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015712245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8","mag":"2015712245","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15639683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49861241","display_name":"The Lancet","issn_l":"0099-5355","issn":["0099-5355","0140-6736","1474-547X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Lancet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018531683","display_name":"Peter Malcolm Rothwell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9739-9211","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9739-9211"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter M Rothwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stroke Prevention Research Unit, University Department of Clinical Neurology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK. peter.rothwell@clneuro.ox.ac.uk","Stroke Prevention Research Unit, University Department of Clinical Neurology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stroke Prevention Research Unit, University Department of Clinical Neurology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK. peter.rothwell@clneuro.ox.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stroke Prevention Research Unit, University Department of Clinical Neurology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018531683"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":{"value":7890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":7890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":43.761,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2620,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99870884,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"365","issue":"9453","first_page":"82","last_page":"93"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.5752000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.5752000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.32760000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":0.026799999177455902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability","display_name":"generalizability","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomized-controlled-trials","display_name":"randomized controlled trials","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trial-reporting","display_name":"trial reporting","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-reviews","display_name":"systematic reviews","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trial-design","display_name":"trial design","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-making","display_name":"clinical decision-making","score":0.4490000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174106493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057880","display_name":"External validity","level":2,"score":0.9032531380653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51082289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4113800","display_name":"Internal validity","level":2,"score":0.6974992752075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922625","display_name":"Checklist","level":2,"score":0.6033002138137817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776289891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931511","display_name":"Neglect","level":2,"score":0.5593069791793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5439808368682861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.5340059995651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.5159916877746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4692174196243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.4544123411178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.42017853260040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182050348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186576","display_name":"Criterion validity","level":4,"score":0.41450440883636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.4116976857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3587680459022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3398526906967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.25645995140075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.23942053318023682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.2220589518547058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.17753121256828308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.16752099990844727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.08896714448928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011643","descriptor_name":"Publishing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012196","descriptor_name":"Review Literature as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016032","descriptor_name":"Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017063","descriptor_name":"Outcome Assessment, Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017410","descriptor_name":"Practice Guidelines as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018579","descriptor_name":"Patient Selection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019317","descriptor_name":"Evidence-Based Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49861241","display_name":"The Lancet","issn_l":"0099-5355","issn":["0099-5355","0140-6736","1474-547X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Lancet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15639683","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15639683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lancet (London, England)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/983989","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/983989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:281757","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2461280021","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/publications/119580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49861241","display_name":"The Lancet","issn_l":"0099-5355","issn":["0099-5355","0140-6736","1474-547X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Lancet","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":156,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124849650","https://openalex.org/W152832745","https://openalex.org/W256198950","https://openalex.org/W273431060","https://openalex.org/W424467158","https://openalex.org/W1482881997","https://openalex.org/W1514280219","https://openalex.org/W1522694313","https://openalex.org/W1534597853","https://openalex.org/W1548990295","https://openalex.org/W1590792821","https://openalex.org/W1657489896","https://openalex.org/W1764505748","https://openalex.org/W1778088015","https://openalex.org/W1948961602","https://openalex.org/W1956394468","https://openalex.org/W1966174611","https://openalex.org/W1969280762","https://openalex.org/W1969532917","https://openalex.org/W1969879564","https://openalex.org/W1971533693","https://openalex.org/W1972859367","https://openalex.org/W1972906762","https://openalex.org/W1980205676","https://openalex.org/W1984569032","https://openalex.org/W1986987068","https://openalex.org/W1987335375","https://openalex.org/W1990305379","https://openalex.org/W1990525205","https://openalex.org/W1991827962","https://openalex.org/W1992092866","https://openalex.org/W1993398606","https://openalex.org/W1993638218","https://openalex.org/W1994030717","https://openalex.org/W1994307831","https://openalex.org/W2002063369","https://openalex.org/W2002351581","https://openalex.org/W2002932986","https://openalex.org/W2006246324","https://openalex.org/W2007812903","https://openalex.org/W2010605933","https://openalex.org/W2012616356","https://openalex.org/W2013505495","https://openalex.org/W2017509671","https://openalex.org/W2019245817","https://openalex.org/W2019680537","https://openalex.org/W2022877395","https://openalex.org/W2023784030","https://openalex.org/W2023839473","https://openalex.org/W2025070257","https://openalex.org/W2028796933","https://openalex.org/W2028908627","https://openalex.org/W2030189178","https://openalex.org/W2034401866","https://openalex.org/W2034417379","https://openalex.org/W2035745409","https://openalex.org/W2037943205","https://openalex.org/W2038634091","https://openalex.org/W2043010403","https://openalex.org/W2043144485","https://openalex.org/W2045398130","https://openalex.org/W2046289412","https://openalex.org/W2047689758","https://openalex.org/W2049884397","https://openalex.org/W2054371281","https://openalex.org/W2055790979","https://openalex.org/W2058223996","https://openalex.org/W2058336322","https://openalex.org/W2059697928","https://openalex.org/W2066247891","https://openalex.org/W2066490209","https://openalex.org/W2067687491","https://openalex.org/W2069727389","https://openalex.org/W2073330624","https://openalex.org/W2075256110","https://openalex.org/W2077384657","https://openalex.org/W2077747080","https://openalex.org/W2078597072","https://openalex.org/W2082945361","https://openalex.org/W2083126683","https://openalex.org/W2086620754","https://openalex.org/W2087425662","https://openalex.org/W2087474676","https://openalex.org/W2088438184","https://openalex.org/W2089833278","https://openalex.org/W2090867051","https://openalex.org/W2096338173","https://openalex.org/W2099178324","https://openalex.org/W2099395511","https://openalex.org/W2101346953","https://openalex.org/W2101732210","https://openalex.org/W2103395470","https://openalex.org/W2103643843","https://openalex.org/W2104847567","https://openalex.org/W2105609213","https://openalex.org/W2106778000","https://openalex.org/W2108425422","https://openalex.org/W2109631892","https://openalex.org/W2110841701","https://openalex.org/W2113241235","https://openalex.org/W2114342075","https://openalex.org/W2114488753","https://openalex.org/W2121090957","https://openalex.org/W2123318304","https://openalex.org/W2126418574","https://openalex.org/W2128963608","https://openalex.org/W2130047524","https://openalex.org/W2132811281","https://openalex.org/W2136211460","https://openalex.org/W2139367012","https://openalex.org/W2143659787","https://openalex.org/W2146129917","https://openalex.org/W2147581820","https://openalex.org/W2148355987","https://openalex.org/W2149141184","https://openalex.org/W2151802259","https://openalex.org/W2157559696","https://openalex.org/W2158491620","https://openalex.org/W2162475100","https://openalex.org/W2164828727","https://openalex.org/W2165547142","https://openalex.org/W2169098250","https://openalex.org/W2216634086","https://openalex.org/W2292308933","https://openalex.org/W2302426581","https://openalex.org/W2314133009","https://openalex.org/W2317082257","https://openalex.org/W2319534362","https://openalex.org/W2319983832","https://openalex.org/W2326508838","https://openalex.org/W2337977161","https://openalex.org/W2340533542","https://openalex.org/W2423942223","https://openalex.org/W2424728164","https://openalex.org/W2488332978","https://openalex.org/W2498952723","https://openalex.org/W2499224120","https://openalex.org/W2519195803","https://openalex.org/W2568455669","https://openalex.org/W2612334191","https://openalex.org/W2614168425","https://openalex.org/W2616141209","https://openalex.org/W2731812427","https://openalex.org/W2970346629","https://openalex.org/W4210548604","https://openalex.org/W4229847571","https://openalex.org/W4230501493","https://openalex.org/W4234254101","https://openalex.org/W4239034898","https://openalex.org/W4252036354","https://openalex.org/W4254275347","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301655662","https://openalex.org/W4367480688","https://openalex.org/W6638040593","https://openalex.org/W6726345648"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2461280021","https://openalex.org/W7096714260","https://openalex.org/W2146746711","https://openalex.org/W4250210026","https://openalex.org/W7099770964","https://openalex.org/W6887709927","https://openalex.org/W7100311766","https://openalex.org/W4240715694","https://openalex.org/W2082700431","https://openalex.org/W2776803210"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":182},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":180},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":111},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":105},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":124},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":174},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":156},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":166},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":126},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":146},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":154},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":154},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":137},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":114},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":100}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
