{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015449908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/p2ut-r3u3-fk1l-b89l","title":"How Computers are Used in United States Schools: Basic Data from the 1989 I.E.A. Computers in Education Survey","display_name":"How Computers are Used in United States Schools: Basic Data from the 1989 I.E.A. Computers in Education Survey","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015449908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/p2ut-r3u3-fk1l-b89l","mag":"2015449908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2190/p2ut-r3u3-fk1l-b89l","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/p2ut-r3u3-fk1l-b89l","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2190/p2ut-r3u3-fk1l-b89l","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127795871","display_name":"Journal of Educational Computing Research","issn_l":"0735-6331","issn":["0735-6331","1541-4140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Computing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079842694","display_name":"Henry Jay Becker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Henry Jay Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Johns Hopkins University, and University of California, Irvine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Johns Hopkins University, and University of California, Irvine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079842694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":45.0599,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":146,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99763428,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"385","last_page":"406"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13412","display_name":"Education and Technology Integration","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13412","display_name":"Education and Technology Integration","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12573","display_name":"Education and Digital Technologies","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14498","display_name":"Educational Technology in Learning","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-computer-use","display_name":"school computer use","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcomputers-in-education","display_name":"microcomputers in education","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-literacy","display_name":"computer literacy","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-processing","display_name":"word processing","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-computer-use","display_name":"teacher computer use","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-software","display_name":"educational software","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum-enrichment","display_name":"curriculum enrichment","score":0.5559999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192531217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595868","display_name":"Computer literacy","level":2,"score":0.728576123714447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983335612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54277","display_name":"Word processing","level":2,"score":0.6486380696296692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.623557984828949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.6203936338424683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5098375678062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992860105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631392","display_name":"Subject matter","level":3,"score":0.4985487461090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.47137129306793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.44334906339645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909807104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer-Assisted Instruction","level":2,"score":0.43113669753074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.31252366304397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.2783435881137848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26576995849609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.21967244148254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2190/p2ut-r3u3-fk1l-b89l","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/p2ut-r3u3-fk1l-b89l","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2190/p2ut-r3u3-fk1l-b89l","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127795871","display_name":"Journal of Educational Computing Research","issn_l":"0735-6331","issn":["0735-6331","1541-4140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Computing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8999999761581421}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W337064157","https://openalex.org/W619593985"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951633933","https://openalex.org/W7027716688","https://openalex.org/W6991897289","https://openalex.org/W2084885212","https://openalex.org/W7071943741","https://openalex.org/W63785941","https://openalex.org/W7062956843","https://openalex.org/W4252448973","https://openalex.org/W7096865470","https://openalex.org/W3178492267"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"American":[0],"schools":[1],"steadily":[2],"increased":[3],"their":[4,21],"stock":[5],"of":[6,12,23,53,73,79,114,123,150,179],"microcomputers":[7],"during":[8,85],"the":[9,13,34,48,51,59,71,77,86,115,147,170],"latter":[10],"half":[11],"1980s,":[14],"but":[15,158],"made":[16],"only":[17,100],"modest":[18],"changes":[19],"in":[20,33,58,146],"pattern":[22],"hardware":[24],"and":[25,30,45,56,76,140,183,186],"software":[26,171],"use":[27,68,108,169],"between":[28],"1985":[29],"1989.":[31],"Early":[32],"decade,":[35],"computers":[36,109,129],"were":[37],"valued":[38],"for":[39,46,110],"providing":[40],"highly":[41],"motivational":[42],"skills":[43,74],"practice":[44],"enriching":[47],"curriculum":[49],"with":[50],"subject":[52],"\u201ccomputer":[54],"literacy,\u201d":[55],"late":[57],"decade":[60],"those":[61],"two":[62],"activities":[63,82],"still":[64,99],"dominated":[65],"school":[66],"computer":[67,80,151],"even":[69],"though":[70],"range":[72,78],"practiced":[75],"literacy":[81],"expanded":[83],"significantly":[84],"decade.":[87],"Moreover,":[88],"computer-using":[89],"teachers,":[90],"although":[91],"twice":[92],"as":[93,95,137,176],"numerous":[94],"five":[96],"years":[97],"ago,":[98],"rarely":[101],"provide":[102],"a":[103,111,177],"computer-centered":[104],"classroom":[105],"where":[106],"students":[107],"large":[112],"fraction":[113],"time":[116,152,163],"they":[117],"spend":[118],"on":[119,134,155],"any":[120],"one":[121],"type":[122],"learning":[124,166],"activity.":[125],"A":[126],"hint":[127],"that":[128],"will":[130],"begin":[131],"to":[132,168,181],"take":[133],"new":[135],"functions":[136],"general":[138],"intellectual":[139],"information":[141],"resource":[142],"tools":[143],"is":[144,164],"visible":[145],"increasing":[148],"portion":[149],"being":[153],"spent":[154,165],"word":[156,161],"processing;":[157],"most":[159],"student":[160],"processing":[162],"how":[167],"rather":[172],"than":[173],"using":[174],"it":[175],"matter":[178],"course":[180],"draft":[182],"revise":[184],"papers":[185],"essays.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
