{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015408031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/664796","title":"Can Self-Organizing Maps Accurately Predict Photometric Redshifts?","display_name":"Can Self-Organizing Maps Accurately Predict Photometric Redshifts?","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015408031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/664796","mag":"2015408031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/664796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/664796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/664796","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/664796/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82835231","display_name":"Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific","issn_l":"0004-6280","issn":["0004-6280","1538-3873"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/664796/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M. J. Way","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. J. Way","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"C. D. Klose","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. D. Klose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Think Geohazards , 205 Vernon Street , Suite A Roseville , CA 95678"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Think Geohazards , 205 Vernon Street , Suite A Roseville , CA 95678","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4213,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78930564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"124","issue":"913","first_page":"274","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14163","display_name":"Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12917","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysical Research","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photometric-redshifts","display_name":"photometric redshifts","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-organizing-maps","display_name":"self-organizing maps","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-quantization","display_name":"vector quantization","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"unsupervised learning","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-sample","display_name":"galaxy sample","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminous-red-galaxies","display_name":"luminous red galaxies","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quasars","display_name":"quasars","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sloan-digital-sky-survey","display_name":"Sloan Digital Sky Survey","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-error","display_name":"regression error","score":0.4020000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780974285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3967221","display_name":"Photometric redshift","level":4,"score":0.6087999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5325000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5195000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.505299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4607999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135041427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83373","display_name":"Quasar","level":3,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.36010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199833920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612536","display_name":"Vector quantization","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68271606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625648","display_name":"Photometry (optics)","level":3,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/664796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/664796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/664796","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/664796/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82835231","display_name":"Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific","issn_l":"0004-6280","issn":["0004-6280","1538-3873"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1201.1098","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.1098","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1201.1098","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov:20120011153","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120011153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196257","display_name":"NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CASI","raw_type":"ARC-E-DAA-TN4693"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1201.1098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1201.1098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1201.1098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/664796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/664796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/664796","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/664796/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82835231","display_name":"Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific","issn_l":"0004-6280","issn":["0004-6280","1538-3873"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309292","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310094","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310145","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310174","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311400","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322434","display_name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhn8329"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324119","display_name":"Uppsala Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337643","display_name":"U.S. Naval Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/048s2rn92"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338288","display_name":"Fermilab","ror":"https://ror.org/020hgte69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338304","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2015408031.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2015408031.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65738273","https://openalex.org/W1496496039","https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1679913846","https://openalex.org/W1896993123","https://openalex.org/W1924655545","https://openalex.org/W1965727526","https://openalex.org/W1978622282","https://openalex.org/W1981787433","https://openalex.org/W2010817441","https://openalex.org/W2013843154","https://openalex.org/W2016112182","https://openalex.org/W2026619221","https://openalex.org/W2029911664","https://openalex.org/W2032744495","https://openalex.org/W2036914160","https://openalex.org/W2044911265","https://openalex.org/W2047189857","https://openalex.org/W2054815219","https://openalex.org/W2067767623","https://openalex.org/W2093249761","https://openalex.org/W2093437356","https://openalex.org/W2112193291","https://openalex.org/W2112690367","https://openalex.org/W2115004499","https://openalex.org/W2124199755","https://openalex.org/W2147526948","https://openalex.org/W2150195330","https://openalex.org/W2152876174","https://openalex.org/W2155050550","https://openalex.org/W2157917411","https://openalex.org/W2161966883","https://openalex.org/W2167335950","https://openalex.org/W2169605968","https://openalex.org/W2602693422","https://openalex.org/W2949380707","https://openalex.org/W2950912493","https://openalex.org/W2950996629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100867864","https://openalex.org/W2949380707","https://openalex.org/W2989185576","https://openalex.org/W2969615939","https://openalex.org/W7214287479","https://openalex.org/W3037667329","https://openalex.org/W3139486295","https://openalex.org/W6991609065","https://openalex.org/W2237730121","https://openalex.org/W3191602035"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"an":[2],"unsupervised":[3],"machine-learning":[4],"approach":[5,71],"that":[6,152],"can":[7],"be":[8],"employed":[9],"for":[10,128,134,141,145,157],"estimating":[11,158],"photometric":[12,86],"redshifts.":[13],"The":[14,89,149],"proposed":[15],"method":[16],"is":[17,163],"based":[18],"on":[19],"a":[20,180],"vector":[21],"quantization":[22],"called":[23],"the":[24,38,54,59,82,85,129,135,176],"self-organizing-map":[25],"(SOM)":[26],"approach.":[27],"A":[28],"variety":[29],"of":[30,76,84,183],"photometrically":[31],"derived":[32],"input":[33],"values":[34],"were":[35,72],"utilized":[36],"from":[37,58],"Sloan":[39],"Digital":[40],"Sky":[41],"Survey's":[42],"main":[43,130],"galaxy":[44,131,138],"sample,":[45,132,139],"luminous":[46,136],"red":[47,137],"galaxy,":[48],"and":[49,94,109,143],"quasar":[50],"samples,":[51],"along":[52],"with":[53,68,99,188],"PHAT0":[55,146],"data":[56],"set":[57],"Photo-":[60],"z":[61,118,120,123],"Accuracy":[62],"Testing":[63],"project.":[64],"Regression":[65],"results":[66,90,115,150,177],"obtained":[67],"this":[69],"new":[70],"evaluated":[73],"in":[74,165],"terms":[75],"root-mean-square":[77],"error":[78],"(RMSE)":[79],"to":[80,167],"estimate":[81],"accuracy":[83],"redshift":[87],"estimates.":[88],"demonstrate":[91,151],"competitive":[92],"RMSE":[93,114],"outlier":[95],"percentages":[96],"when":[97,186],"compared":[98,187],"several":[100],"other":[101,189],"popular":[102],"approaches,":[103],"such":[104],"as":[105],"artificial":[106],"neural":[107],"networks":[108],"Gaussian":[110],"process":[111],"regression.":[112],"SOM":[113,159],"(using":[116],"\u0394":[117],"=":[119],"phot":[121],"-":[122],"spec":[124],")":[125],"are":[126,154,179],"0.023":[127],"0.027":[133],"0.418":[140],"quasars,":[142],"0.022":[144],"synthetic":[147],"data.":[148],"there":[153],"nonunique":[155],"solutions":[156],"RMSEs.":[160],"Further":[161],"research":[162],"needed":[164],"order":[166],"find":[168],"more":[169],"robust":[170],"estimation":[171],"techniques":[172],"using":[173],"SOMs,":[174],"but":[175],"herein":[178],"positive":[181],"indication":[182],"their":[184],"capabilities":[185],"well-known":[190],"methods.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
