{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015307387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/l9g4-kjvk-aw7a-q9jd","title":"The Impact of Colonialism on Health and Health Services in Tanzania","display_name":"The Impact of Colonialism on Health and Health Services in Tanzania","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015307387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/l9g4-kjvk-aw7a-q9jd","mag":"2015307387","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/319069"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2190/l9g4-kjvk-aw7a-q9jd","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/l9g4-kjvk-aw7a-q9jd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2190/l9g4-kjvk-aw7a-q9jd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120541213","display_name":"International Journal of Health Services","issn_l":"0020-7314","issn":["0020-7314","1541-4469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Services","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037464445","display_name":"Meredeth Turshen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7116-3606","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7116-3606"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meredeth Turshen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037464445"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":130.5367,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99962561,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"7","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12778","display_name":"History of Medicine and Tropical Health","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12778","display_name":"History of Medicine and Tropical Health","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.15639999508857727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12635","display_name":"African studies and sociopolitical issues","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonialism","display_name":"colonialism","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-services","display_name":"health services","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malnutrition","display_name":"malnutrition","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-health","display_name":"rural health","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-colonial-rule","display_name":"German colonial rule","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-colonial-rule","display_name":"British colonial rule","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cash-crops","display_name":"cash crops","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-food-production","display_name":"domestic food production","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underdevelopment","display_name":"underdevelopment","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependence","display_name":"dependency","score":0.4490000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129225989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932139","display_name":"Cash crop","level":3,"score":0.7393503189086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.6941376328468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.6799919009208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32561294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476047","display_name":"Underdevelopment","level":2,"score":0.6342269778251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551997983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12167","display_name":"Malnutrition","level":2,"score":0.6058511734008789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.5369370579719543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778083465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693464","display_name":"Cash","level":2,"score":0.5128126740455627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5118879079818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779220025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838811","display_name":"Peasant","level":2,"score":0.4710913598537445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.45627561211586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4276154339313507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.3944970667362213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3941185474395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3824099004268646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3463938236236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.29990333318710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.24574604630470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23909160494804382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004032","descriptor_name":"Diet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004463","descriptor_name":"Ecology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004467","descriptor_name":"Economics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006666","descriptor_name":"History of Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009748","descriptor_name":"Nutrition Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011057","descriptor_name":"Politics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011156","descriptor_name":"Population Density","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013636","descriptor_name":"Tanzania","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014171","descriptor_name":"Transients and Migrants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014330","descriptor_name":"Tropical Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014352","descriptor_name":"Trypanosomiasis","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2190/l9g4-kjvk-aw7a-q9jd","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/l9g4-kjvk-aw7a-q9jd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2190/l9g4-kjvk-aw7a-q9jd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120541213","display_name":"International Journal of Health Services","issn_l":"0020-7314","issn":["0020-7314","1541-4469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Services","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:319069","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/319069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.48510000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.4359000027179718,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566734145","https://openalex.org/W596659938","https://openalex.org/W606810276","https://openalex.org/W1578515927","https://openalex.org/W1604837402","https://openalex.org/W1995321339","https://openalex.org/W2000594743","https://openalex.org/W2003431751","https://openalex.org/W2005340918","https://openalex.org/W2111388567","https://openalex.org/W2122017966","https://openalex.org/W2264756600","https://openalex.org/W2264863334","https://openalex.org/W2278166765","https://openalex.org/W2333319366","https://openalex.org/W2334648812","https://openalex.org/W2471308607","https://openalex.org/W2551907137","https://openalex.org/W2562626892","https://openalex.org/W2607009061","https://openalex.org/W2992639947","https://openalex.org/W4235728884","https://openalex.org/W4236277569","https://openalex.org/W4250558934","https://openalex.org/W4254443491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065431656","https://openalex.org/W4395463365","https://openalex.org/W7164536515","https://openalex.org/W1598468362","https://openalex.org/W2042630517","https://openalex.org/W7046067723","https://openalex.org/W1537995567","https://openalex.org/W2887306875","https://openalex.org/W7222776905","https://openalex.org/W7221509688"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,64],"is":[2],"about":[3],"the":[4,29,32,35,40,46,52,63,70,85,89,96,117,139,145,150,178,205,215],"problems":[5,25],"of":[6,14,34,42,51,55,76,88,98,121,138,149,168,180,200,208],"malnutrition":[7,184],"and":[8,39,49,73,78,147,152,173,185,204,214],"disease":[9],"in":[10,22,58,62,166,177],"a":[11,119,209],"rural":[12,53],"area":[13,130],"an":[15,129],"underdeveloped":[16],"country,":[17,140],"Tanzania.":[18],"The":[19],"particular":[20],"way":[21],"which":[23],"health":[24,43,47,86,146,188],"were":[26],"conceptualized":[27],"during":[28],"colonial":[30,80],"era,":[31],"structure":[33],"medical":[36],"services":[37],"established,":[38],"effects":[41],"care":[44],"on":[45],"status":[48],"size":[50],"population":[54],"Songea":[56,126],"District":[57,127],"Tanzania":[59,213],"are":[60,193],"shown":[61],"to":[65,135,144,164,170,190,197],"have":[66],"been":[67],"determined":[68],"by":[69,84,104,109,161,174],"economic,":[71],"social,":[72],"political":[74],"requirements":[75],"German":[77],"British":[79],"rulers":[81],"rather":[82],"than":[83],"needs":[87],"African":[90,105],"population.":[91],"Colonial":[92],"economic":[93],"policy":[94],"emphasized":[95],"production":[97,158],"cash":[99,169,181],"crops":[100],"for":[101,116],"export,":[102],"whether":[103],"peasant":[106],"farmers":[107],"or":[108],"European":[110],"plantation":[111],"owners.":[112],"To":[113],"provide":[114],"workers":[115,134],"plantations,":[118],"system":[120],"labor":[122],"migration":[123],"was":[124,159],"instituted.":[125],"became":[128],"that":[131],"supplied":[132],"male":[133],"other":[136],"parts":[137],"with":[141],"grave":[142],"consequences":[143],"nutrition":[148],"women":[151],"children":[153],"left":[154],"behind.":[155],"Domestic":[156],"food":[157],"neglected":[160],"Africans":[162],"forced":[163],"migrate":[165],"search":[167],"pay":[171],"taxes":[172],"those":[175],"enganged":[176],"cultivation":[179],"crops.":[182],"Extensive":[183],"persistent":[186],"ill":[187],"related":[189],"poor":[191],"diet":[192],"thus":[194],"traced":[195],"directly":[196],"capitalist":[198],"underdevelopment":[199],"th":[201],"Tanzanian":[202],"economy":[203],"structural":[206],"distortions":[207],"dependent":[210],"relationship":[211],"between":[212],"metropolitan":[216],"power.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}